Marine Pharmacology in 2014–2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities
2.1. Antibacterial Activity
2.2. Antifungal Activity
2.3. Antiprotozoal and Antituberculosis Activity
2.4. Antiviral Activity
2.5. Anthelmintic Activity
3. Marine Compounds with Antidiabetic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Affecting the Immune and Nervous System
3.1. Antidiabetic Activity
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
3.3. Marine Compounds with Activity on the Immune System
3.4. Marine Compounds Affecting the Nervous System
4. Marine Compounds with Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action
5. Reviews on Marine Pharmacology and Pharmaceuticals
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug Class | Compound/Organism a | Chemistry | Pharmacologic Activity | IC50 b | MMOA b | Country c | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antibacterial | axinellamines A and B (1, 2)/sponge | Alkaloid f | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 0.5–32 μg/mL + | Normal cellular division inhibition | USA | [24] |
Antibacterial | buanmycin (3)/bacterium | Polyketide d | S. enterica inhibition | 0.7 μM + | Sortase A inhibition | S. KOR | [25] |
Antibacterial | cathelicidin (4)/sea snake | Peptide f | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 0.16–20.7 μg/mL + | Membrane morphology alteration | CHN | [26] |
Antibacterial | clavanin A (5)/ascidian | Peptide f | S. aureus and E. coli infection inhibition | 10 mg/kg *** | IL-6 and TNF-α inhibition | BRA | [27] |
Antibacterial | gelliusterol E (6)/sponge | Terpenoid e | C. trachomatis inhibition | 2.34 μM | OmpA protein inhibition | EGY, GBR | [28] |
Antibacterial | ianthelliformisamimes B and C (7, 8)/sponge | Alkaloid f | Enhanced antibiotics against E. aerogenes, P. aeruginosa, K. Pneumoniae MDR strains in vitro | 3.12–12.5 μM * | Enhancement of drug transporters | FRA | [29] |
Antibacterial | pardaxin (9)/flatfish | Peptide f | MR S. aureus inhibition in vivo | 8 mg/mL * | MCP-1, IL-6, and TNF-α inhibition | TWN | [30] |
Antibacterial | phlorofucofuroeckol-A (10)/alga | Polyketide d | MR S. aureus inhibition | 32 μg/mL + | PBP2a suppresion | S. KOR | [31] |
Antibacterial | salinamide F (11)/bacterium | Peptide f | E. coli inhibition | 0.2 μg/mL + | RNAP inhibition | USA | [32] |
Antibacterial | piscidins (12, 13)/fish | Peptide f | K. pneumonia and A. baumannii inhibition in vitro | 1.5–3.1 μM + | Undetermined | TWN | [33] |
Antibacterial | adametizine A (14)/fungus | Terpenoid e | S. aureus inhibition | 8 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [34] |
Antibacterial | agelamadins A and B (15, 16)/sponge | Alkaloid f | M. luteus and C. neoformans inhibition | 5–8 μg/mL + | Undetermined | AUS, JPN | [35] |
Antibacterial | Aspergillus sp. butyrolactone (17)/fungus | Terpenoid e | S. aureus and B. cereus inhibition | 1.56 μM + | Undetermined | CHN | [36] |
Antibacterial | aszonapyrone A (18)/fungus | Terpenoid e | S. aureus and B. subtilis inhibition | 8 μg/mL + | Undetermined | PRT, THAI | [37] |
Antibacterial | austalide R (19)/fungus | Terpenoid e | Marine bacteria inhibition | 0.1 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN, DEU, GBR | [38] |
Antibacterial | citrifelin B (20)/fungus | Polyketide d | S. aureus inhibition | 4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [39] |
Antibacterial | desmethylisaridin C1 (21)/fungus | Peptide f | E. coli inhibition | 8 μg/mL | Undetermined | CHN | [40] |
Antibacterial | D. granulosa diphenyl ethers (22, 23)/sponge | Polyketide d | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 1–16 μg/mL + | Undetermined | USA | [41] |
Antibacterial | diaporthalasin (24) /fungus | Terpenoid e | MR S. aureus inhibition | 2 μg/mL + | Undetermined | THAI | [42] |
Antibacterial | D. pulchra furanones (25, 26)/alga | Alkaloid f | P. aeruginosa biofilm inhibition | 1.3 μM + | Undetermined | BRA, FRA, USA | [43] |
Antibacterial | aureol B (27)/ sponge | Terpenoid e | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 1 μg/mL + | Undetermined | S. KOR | [44] |
Antibacterial | dysidinoid A (28)/sponge | Terpenoid e | MR S. aureus inhibition | 8 μg/mL ** | Undetermined | CHN | [45] |
Antibacterial | Eunicea sp. compounds (29, 30)/sponge | Terpenoid e | P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm inhibition | 0.5 mg/mL + | Undetermined | COL | [46] |
Antibacterial | flavipesin A (31)/fungus | Polyketide d | S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition | 0.25–8 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [47] |
Antibacterial | gageopeptides A–D (32–35)/bacterium | Peptide f | S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition | 0.04–0.08 μM + | Undetermined | BGD, S. KOR | [48] |
Antibacterial | gageotetrins A–C (36–38)/bacterium | Peptide f | S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition | 0.02–0.04 μM + | Undetermined | BGD, S. KOR | [49] |
Antibacterial | hormaomycin B (39)/bacterium | Peptide f | S. aureus and K. rhizophila inhibition | 0.4–7 μM + | Undetermined | S. KOR | [50] |
Antibacterial | ieodoglucomide C (40)/bacterium | Glycolipid | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 0.01–0.05 μM + | Undetermined | S. KOR | [51] |
Antibacterial | isoikarugamycin (41)/bacterium | Alkaloid f/ Terpenoid e | MR S.aureus | 2–4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | ESP | [52] |
Antibacterial | keramadine (42)/sponge | Alkaloid f | M. luteus inhibition | 4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | AUS, JPN | [53] |
Antibacterial | Ircinia sp. secosterols (43, 44)/sponge | Terpenoid e | M. luteus and S. epidermidis inhibition | 3.1, 6.3 μg/mL | Undetermined | S. KOR | [54,55] |
Antibacterial | L. dendyi terpenoids (45, 46)/sponge | Polyketide d | MR S. aureus inhibition | 0.05–0.29 μM | Undetermined | USA | [56] |
Antibacterial | lindgomycin (47)/fungus | Polyketide d | MR S. aureus inhibition | 5.1 μM | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [57] |
Antibacterial | marformysin D (48)/bacterium | Peptide f | M. luteus inhibition | 0.063 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [58] |
Antibacterial | mollemycin A (49)/bacterium | Polyketide d | S. aureus and S. epidermidis inhibition | 0.05 μM | Undetermined | AUS | [59] |
Antibacterial | neolaurene (50)/alga | Terpenoid e | S. typhi and S. aureus inhibition | 7.5 μg/mL | Undetermined | MYS | [60] |
Antibacterial | penicyclone A (51)/fungus | Polyketide d | S. aureus inhibition | 0.3 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [61] |
Antibacterial | P. oxalicum enamide (52)/fungus | Polyketide d | S. aureus inhibition | 2 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [62] |
Antibacterial | puupehenol (53)/ sponge | Terpenoid e | B. cereus and S. aureus inhibition | 10 μg/disk + | Undetermined | AUS, USA | [63] |
Antibacterial | phyllospongin E (54)/sponge | Terpenoid e | B. cereus and S. aureus inhibition | 2.5–3.3 μg/mL + | Undetermined | EGY, GBR | [64] |
Antibacterial | sarcotrocheliols (55, 56)/soft coral | Terpenoid e | MR S. aureus inhibition | 1.5–4.3 μM + | Undetermined | SAU | [65] |
Antibacterial | spiromastixone J (57)/fungus | Polyketide d | MR S. aureus inhibition | 2 μM | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [66] |
Antibacterial | stachyin B (58)/fungus | Alkaloid f /Terpenoid e | MR S. aureus and B. subtillis inhibition | 1.4–1.7 μM | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [67] |
Antibacterial | Streptomyces sp. glycoside (59)/bacterium | Polyketide d | C. trachomatis inhibition | 4.03 μM | Undetermined | EGY, DEU | [68] |
Antibacterial | subergosterones A–C (60–62)/gorgonian coral | Terpenoid e | B. cereus inhibition | 1.6–3.1 μM + | Undetermined | CHN | [69] |
Antibacterial | vitroprocine A (63)/bacterium | Polyketide d | A. baumannii inhibition | 8 μg/mL + | Undetermined | TWN, USA | [70] |
Antibacterial | xestospongiamide (64)/sponge | Polyketide d | Gram-positive and negative inhibition | 2.5 μM + | Undetermined | EGY, SAU | [71] |
Antifungal | bahamaolide A (65)/bacterium | Polyketide d | C. albicans inhibition | 1.5–3.1 μg/mL + | ICL inhibition | S. KOR | [72] |
Antifungal | heronamide C (66)/bacterium | Polyketal/ alkaloid f | S. pombe cell inhibition | 5.8 μM + | Alteration of membrane microdomains | JPN | [73] |
Antifungal | forazoline A (67)/bacterium | Polyketide d | C. albicans inhibition | 16 μg/mL + | Affected membrane integrity | USA | [74] |
Antifungal | aaptamine derivative (68)/sponge | Alkaloid f | T. rubrum inhibition | 4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [75] |
Antifungal | amphidinin G (69)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide d | T. mentagrophytes inhibition | 8 μg/mL | Undetermined | JPN | [76] |
Antifungal | amphidinol 18 (70)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide d | C. albicans inhibition | 9 μg/mL + | Undetermined | ITA | [77] |
Antifungal | crambescin homologues (71–73)/sponge | Alkaloid f | C. neoformans var. gattii inhibition | 0.85–2.6 μM + | Undetermined | USA | [78] |
Antifungal | coustesides C and D (74, 75)/sea cucumber | Terpenoid glycoside e | C. albicans inhibition | 1 mg/mL ++ | Undetermined | EGY, S.KOR | [79] |
Antifungal | L. okamurai laurenes (76–78)/alga | Terpenoid e | C. glabrata inhibition | 2–4 μg/mL ** | Undetermined | CHN | [80,81] |
Antifungal | mohangamide A (79)/bacterium | Peptide f | C. albicans isocitrate lyase inhibition | 4.4 μM | Undetermined | S. KOR | [82] |
Antifungal | pleosporallin E (80)/fungus | Polyketide d | C. albicans inhibition | 7.44 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [83] |
Antifungal | S. purpurea lysophospholipid (81)/sponge | Phospholipid | C. glabrata and C. neoformans inhibition | 4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [84] |
Antifungal | taurospongin A (82)/sponge | Polyketide d | C. neoformans inhibition | 1 μg/mL + | Undetermined | AUS, JPN | [85] |
Antifungal | variegatuside D (83)/sea cucumber | Terpenoid glycoside e | Several Candida species inhibition | 3.4–13.6 μg/mL + | Undetermined | CHN | [86] |
Antifungal | xestospongiamide (64)/sponge | Polyketide d | A. niger and C. albicans inhibition | >5 μM + | Undetermined | EGY, SAU | [71] |
Antimalarial | C. hooperi isonitrile (84)/sponge | Terpenoid e | P. falciparum D6 and W2 strain inhibition | 4.3–4.7 nM | β-hematin inhibition | USA, ZAF | [87] |
Antimalarial | actinoramide A (85)/bacterium | Peptide f | P. falciparum strains inhibition | 0.2 μM | Undetermined | CRI, USA | [88] |
Antimalarial | diacarperoxide J (86)/sponge | Terpenoid e | P. falciparum D6 and W2 strain inhibition | 1.6–1.8 μM | Undetermined | CHN, USA | [89] |
Antimalarial | laevigatol A (87)/soft coral | Terpenoid e | P. falciparum NF54 strain inhibition | 3.0 μM | Undetermined | CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM | [90] |
Antimalarial | mollemycin A (49)/bacterium | Polyketide d | P. falciparum 3D7and Dd2 strain inhibition | 7–9 nM | Undetermined | AUS | [59] |
Antimalarial | mon amphilectines B and C (88, 89)/sponge | Terpenoid e | P. falciparum 3D7strain inhibition | 44 nM | Undetermined | USA | [91] |
Antimalarial | netamine K (90)/sponge | Alkaloid f | P. falciparum inhibition | 2.4 μM | Undetermined | BEL, FRA, ISR | [92] |
Antimalarial | P. ocellata sesquiterpenes (91–93)/nudibranch | Terpenoid e | P. falciparum inhibition | 0.26–0.3 μM | Undetermined | AUS, ITA | [93] |
Antimalarial | P. simplex polyketide (94)/sponge | Polyketide d | P. falciparum D10 and W2 strain inhibition | 2.7–4.0 μM | Undetermined | CHN, ITA | [94] |
Antiprotozoal | plakortide E (95)/sponge | Polyketide d | T. brucei inhibition | 5 μM | Rhodesain inhibition | EGY, DEU | [95] |
Antiprotozoal | batzelladine L (96)/sponge | Alkaloid f | T. cruzi and L. infantum inhibition | 2 μM | Enhanced ROS generation | BRA, CAN | [96] |
Antiprotozoal | actinoporin A (97)/ bacterium | Polyketide d | T. b. brucei inhibition | 15 μM | Undetermined | AUS, DEU, EGY, GBR | [97] |
Antiprotozoal | astropectenol A (98)/soft coral | Terpenoid e | T. brucei inhibition | 1.6 μM | Undetermined | DEU, VNM, S. KOR | [98] |
Antiprotozoal | H. simulans sterol (99) sponge | Terpenoid e | T. b. brucei inhibition | 4.6 μM + | Undetermined | IRL, GBR | [99] |
Antiprotozoal | lobosamide A (100)/bacterium | Alkaloid f | T. b. brucei inhibition | 0.8 μM | Undetermined | USA | [100] |
Antiprotozoal | lobocrasols A and C (101, 102)/soft corals | Terpenoid e | L. donovani inhibition | 0.18 μM | Undetermined | CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM | [90] |
Antiprotozoal | mangromicin A (103)/fungus | Polyketide d | T. b. brucei inhibition | 2.44 µg/mL | Undetermined | JPN | [101] |
Antiprotozoal | crassumols D and E (104, 105)/soft corals | Terpenoid e | T. b. rhodesiense inhibition | 0.61 and 0.72 μM | Undetermined | CHE, DEU, S. KOR, VNM | [90] |
Antiprotozoal | sesterstamide (106)/sponge | Terpenoid e | L. donovani inhibition | 32.9 µg/mL | Undetermined | CHN | [102] |
Antiprotozoal | shagene A (107)/soft coral | Terpenoid e | L. donovani inhibition | 5 μM | Undetermined | AUS, USA | [103] |
Antituberculosis | aaptamine analog (108)/sponge | Alkaloid f | M. smegmatis inhibition | 6.25 μg/mL + | Undetermined | JPN | [104] |
Antituberculosis | callyaerins A and B (109, 110)/sponge | Peptide f | M. tuberculosis inhibition | 2, 5 μM ** | Undetermined | CHN, DEU, NLD | [105] |
Antituberculosis | denigrin C (111)/sponge | Alkaloid f | M. tuberculosis H37Rv inhibition | 4 μg/mL + | Undetermined | IND | [106] |
Antituberculosis | oxazinin A (112)/fungus | Polyketide d | M. tuberculosis inhibition | 2.9 μM | Undetermined | USA | [107] |
Antiviral | pateamine A (113)/sponge | Mixed Biogenesis | Sindbis virus mRNA translation inhibition | >100 nM | nsP1 or nsP2 viral protein synthesis inhibition | CAN, ESP, NZL | [108] |
Antiviral | abyssomicin 2 (114)/bacterium | Polyketide d | HIV-1 reactivation | 13.9 μM | Increased viral RNA in CD4+ T cells | USA | [109] |
Antiviral | 8,4′’’-dieckol (115)/alga | Polyketide d | HIV-1 inhibition | 10 μM * | Reverse transcriptase inhibition | S. KOR | [110] |
Antiviral | truncateol M (116)/fungus | Terpenoid e | H1N1 influenza A virus inhibition | 8.8 μM | Virion assembly/release inhibition | CHN, DEU | [111] |
Antiviral | neoechinulin B (117)/fungus | Alkaloid f | H3N2, H1N1 A influenza virus inhibition | 17-22 μM | Hemagglutinin inhibition | CHN, DEU | [112] |
Antiviral | thaixylomolin I (118)/mangrove | Terpenoid e | H1N1 influenza A virus inhibition | 77 μM | Undetermined | CHN, DEU, THAI | [113] |
Antiviral | aaptamine derivative (68)/sponge | Alkaloid f | HIV-1 inhibition | 10 μM * | Undetermined | CHN | [75] |
Antiviral | aflaquinolone B derivative (119)/fungus | Mixed biogenesis | RSV inhibition | 0.042 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [114] |
Antiviral | A. terreus lactones (120, 121)/fungus | Polyketide d | HSV-1 inhibition | 6.34 μg/mL | Undetermined | CHN | [115] |
Antiviral | chartarutine B (122)/fungus | Alkaloid f/terpenoid e | HIV-1 inhibition | 4.9 μM | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [116] |
Antiviral | debromoaplysiatoxin (123)/cyanobacterium | Polyketide d | CHIKV inhibition | 1.4 μM | Undetermined | NZL, SGP | [117] |
Antiviral | dolabelladienol A (124)/alga | Terpenoid e | HIV-1 inhibition | 2.9 μM | Undetermined | BRA, COL, ESP | [118] |
Antiviral | D. plectens diterpene (125)/alga | Terpenoid e | HIV-1 inhibition | 16.1 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [119] |
Antiviral | Dysidea sp. PBDEs (22, 23)/sponge | Polyketide d | Hepatitis B inhibition | 0.23–0.80 μM | Core promoter inhibition | IDN, JPN, NLD | [120] |
Antiviral | echrebsteroid C (126)/gorgonian | Terpenoid e | RSV inhibition | 0.19 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [121] |
Antiviral | (+)-pestaloxazine A (127)/fungus | Alkaloid f | Enterovirus 71 inhibition | 14.2 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [122] |
Antiviral | phlorofucofuroeckol-A(10)/alga | Polyketide d | MNV inhibition | 0.9 μM | Undetermined | S. KOR | [123] |
Antiviral | secocrassumol (128)/soft coral | Terpenoid e | HCMV inhibition | 5 μg/mL | Undetermined | TWN | [124] |
Antiviral | sporolide B (129)/bacterium | Polyketide d | HIV-reverse transcriptase inhibition | 14 μM | Undetermined | IND | [125] |
Antiviral | stellettapeptins A and B (130, 131)/sponge | Peptide f | HIV-1 infection inhibition | 23–27 nM | Undetermined | USA | [126] |
Antiviral | trichobotrysin A (132)/fungus | Polyketide d /Alkaloid f | HSV-1 inhibition | 3.08 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [127] |
Anthelmintic | phorioadenine A (133)/sponge | Alkaloid f | H. contortus inhibition | 31 μg/mL +++ | Undetermined | AUS | [128] |
Drug Class | Compound/Organism a+ | Chemistry | Pharmacological Activity | IC50 b | MMOA c | Country d | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antidiabetic | fucoxanthin and fucoxanthinol (134, 135)/alga | Terpenoid f | Improved glucose tolerance in vitro and in vivo | 50 µM * | Cytokine inhibition | JPN, S. KOR | [154,155] |
Antidiabetic | octaphlorethol A (136)/alga | Shikimate h | α-glucosidase inhibition | 110 µM | Molecular docking on active site | CAN, S. KOR | [156] |
Antidiabetic | phlorofucofuroeckol-A (10)/alga | Polyketide d | Decreased glucose levels in vivo | 10 mg/kg ** | α-glucosidase inhibition | S. KOR | [157] |
Antidiabetic | Con-Ins G1 (137)/cone snail | Peptide g | Hypoglycemia induction | 65 ng/g * | Undetermined | AUS, DNK, USA | [158] |
Antidiabetic | dehydroeuryspongin A (138)/sponge | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 3.58 μM | Undetermined | IDN, JPN | [159] |
Antidiabetic | Epicoccum sp. diterpene (139)/fungus | Terpenoid f | α-glucosidase inhibition | 4.6 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [160] |
Antidiabetic | suncheonoside A (140)/bacterium | Terpenoid f | Adiponectin production | 10 μM * | Undetermined | S. KOR | [161] |
Antidiabetic | terrelumamide A (141)/fungus | Peptide g | Adiponectin production | 37 μM * | Undetermined | S. KOR | [162] |
Antidiabetic | X. testudinaria lipid (142)/sponge | Polyketide d | PTP1B inhibition | 5.3 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [163] |
Anti-inflammatory | alcyonolide congeners (143, 144)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO inhibition | 2 μM * | iNOS expression inhibition | JPN | [164] |
Anti-inflammatory | astaxanthin (145)/alga | Terpenoid f | Oxidative stress inhibition in vivo | 10 mg/kg ** | CAT and SOD enhancement | CHN | [165] |
Anti-inflammatory | 8,8′-bieckol (146)/alga | Polyketide e | Macrophage NO and PGE2 release inhibition | 50 μM * | Inhibition of NFκB | S. KOR | [166] |
Anti-inflammatory | convolutamydine A (147)/ bryozoa | Alkaloid g | Formalin-induced licking behavior inhibition | 0.01 mg/kg * | TNF-α, IL-6 release inhibition | BRA | [167] |
Anti-inflammatory | capgermacrene A (148)/ soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO and IL-1β inhibition | <10 μg/mL * | iNOS expression inhibition | MYS, S. KOR | [168] |
Anti-inflammatory | cathelicidin (4)/sea snake | Peptide g | Binding of LPS to TLR4 inhibition | 4 μg/mL * | Inflammatory cytokine inhibition | CHN | [26] |
Anti-inflammatory | dactyloditerpenol acetate (149)/ sea hare | Terpenoid f | LPS- activated microglia in vitro inhibition | 0.4–1 μM | O2- and TXB2 inhibition | USA | [169] |
Anti-inflammatory | dieckol (150)/alga | Shikimate h | Macrophage iNOS transcription inhibition | 30 μM * | Inhibition of NFκB and p38MAPK | S. KOR | [170] |
Anti-inflammatory | dieckol (150)/alga | Shikimate h | Human keratinocyte MDC/CCL22 inhibition | 12.5 μM * | STAT1 phosphorylation inhibition | S. KOR | [171] |
Anti-inflammatory | excavatolide B (151)/gorgonian | Terpenoid f | Macrophage iNOS and COX-2 transcription inhibition | 25 μM * | In vivo iNOS protein expression reduction | TWN | [172] |
Anti-inflammatory | flexibilide (152)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neuropathic pain inhibition | 10 µg * | Upregulation of TGF-β1 | TWN | [173] |
Anti-inflammatory | fucoxanthinol (135)/alga | Terpenoid f | Macrophage TNF-α and MCP-1 release inhibition | 10 μM | COX-2 expression inhibition | JPN | [155] |
Anti-inflammatory | H. fusiforme flavone (153)/ alga | Shikimate h/Polyketide d | Macrophage NO and PGE2 release inhibition | 10 μg/mL * | iNOS, COX-2 expression inhibition | S. KOR | [174] |
Anti-inflammatory | 5β-hydroxypalisadin B (154)/alga | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO release inhibition | 17 μM | Partial iNOS expression inhibition | LKA, MYS, S. KOR | [175] |
Anti-inflammatory | glaucumolides A and B (155, 156)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | 2.8–4 µM * | iNOS, COX-2 inhibition | TWN | [176] |
Anti-inflammatory | phlorofucofuroeckol-B (157)/alga | Polyketide d | Microglia activation inhibition | 0.1 μg/mL * | iNOS, COX-2 inhibition | S. KOR | [177] |
Anti-inflammatory | P. palmata lipid (158)/alga | Polyketide d | Macrophage NO release inhibition | 16.7 μM | iNOS expression inhibition | CAN | [178] |
Anti-inflammatory | reduced scytonemin (159)/alga | Alkaloid g | Macrophage NO release inhibition | 1 µM * | HO-1 expression induction | JPN | [179] |
Anti-inflammatory | sinuleptolide (160)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | LPS-activated rat microglia in vitro inhibition | 0.5–2.9 μM | Cytokine release inhibition | ESP, FIN, IND, ITA, | [180] |
Anti-inflammatory | sarcopanol A (161)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | iNOS, COX-2, and ICAM-1 transcription inhibition | 8.3 µM | NFκB inhibition | S. KOR, VNM | [181] |
Anti-inflammatory | sinumaximol H (162)/sponge | Terpenoid f | iNOS and ICAM-1 transcription inhibition | 1 µM * | NFκB inhibition | S. KOR, VNM | [182] |
Anti-inflammatory | tanzawaic acid A (163)/fungus | Polyketide d | NO inhibition | 7.1 µM | iNOS and PTP1B inhibition | VNM, S. KOR | [183] |
Anti-inflammatory | aspertetranone D (164)/fungus | Terpenoid f | IL-6 inhibition | 40 µM * | Undetermined | CHN, USA | [184] |
Anti-inflammatory | briarenolide J (165)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | 10–15 µM | Undetermined | TWN | [185] |
Anti-inflammatory | briarenolides K and L (166, 167)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage iNOS inhibition | >10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | TWN | [186] |
Anti-inflammatory | briarenolides U, V, W (168, 169)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage COX-2 and iNOS expression inhibition | >10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | TWN | [187] |
Anti-inflammatory | briaviolides E and I (170, 171)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | >10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | TWN | [188] |
Anti-inflammatory | dermacozine H (172)/bacterium | Alkaloid g | Radical scavenging activity | 18.8 µM | Undetermined | DEU, EGY, UK | [189] |
Anti-inflammatory | dysifragilone A (173)/sponge | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO release inhibition | 6.6 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [190] |
Anti-inflammatory | D. plectens xenicane (174)/alga | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO release inhibition | 10 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [191] |
Anti-inflammatory | comaparvin (175)/crinoid | Polyketide d | Carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia inhibition | 30 mg/kg * | iNOS expression inhibition | TWN | [192] |
Anti-inflammatory | hirsutalins N and S (176, 177)/ soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil elastase inhibition | 10 μM * | Undetermined | TWN | [193,194] |
Anti-inflammatory | hirsutocospiro A (178)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | 3.7–4.1 μM | Undetermined | TWN | [195] |
Anti-inflammatory | isosinulaflexiolide K (179)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage COX-2 and iNOS expression inhibition | >10 μM * | Undetermined | TWN | [196] |
Anti-inflammatory | klyflaccisteroid F (180)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | 0.34 μM | Undetermined | TWN | [197] |
Anti-inflammatory | krempfielin N (181)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | >10 μM * | Undetermined | TWN | [198] |
Anti-inflammatory | krempfielins Q and R (182, 183)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | >10 μM * | Undetermined | TWN | [199] |
Anti-inflammatory | methylfarnesylquinone (184)/alga | Shikimate h/Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX and elastase inhibition | 0.2–0.48 µg/mL | Undetermined | TWN | [200] |
Anti-inflammatory | monanchosterol B (185)/sponge | Terpenoid f | Macrophage IL-6 expression inhibition | 5 µM | Undetermined | S. KOR | [201] |
Anti-inflammatory | P. nodosus sterol (186)/starfish | Terpenoid f | IL-12 and IL-6 inhibition | 1.3–3.1 µM | Undetermined | VNM, S. KOR | [202] |
Anti-inflammatory | rhytidenone C (187)/fungus | Polyketide d | Macrophage NO inhibition | 0.31 µM | Undetermined | THA | [203] |
Anti-inflammatory | sarcocrassocolide E (188)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage COX-2 and iNOS expression inhibition | <10 μM * | Undetermined | TWN | [204] |
Anti-inflammatory | sinulacembranolide A (189)/octocoral | Terpenoid f | Macrophage iNOS expression inhibition | <10 μM | Undetermined | TWN | [205] |
Anti-inflammatory | thomimarine B (190)/fungus | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO inhibition | >10 μM | Undetermined | RUS, VNM | [206] |
Anti-inflammatory | tortuosene A (191)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | Neutrophil SOX inhibition | 7.3 μM | Undetermined | TWN | [207] |
Immune system | grassypeptolide A (192)/cyanobacterium | Peptide g | IL-2 and T-cell proliferation inhibition | 1 μM * | Dipeptidyl peptidase 8 inhibition | CHN, JPN, USA | [208] |
Immune system | F. reticulata alkaloids (193)/sponge | Alkaloid g | IL-2 inhibition | 5–50 µM * | Undetermined | CHN, NLD | [209] |
Immune system | luzonicoside A (194)/starfish | Terpenoid f | Macrophage NO and ROS stimulation | 0.01–0.1 µM * | Undetermined | RUS, VNM | [210] |
Immune system | typicoside C1(195)/sea cucumber | Terpenoid f | Macrophage ROS stimulation | <1 ng/mL * | Undetermined | IND, RUS | [211] |
Nervous system | aurone glycoside (196)/fungus | Shikimate h/Polyketide d | Oxidative stress neuroprotection | 1 µM * | Apoptosis inhibition | CHN | [212] |
Nervous system | azaspiracid-1 (197)/alga | Polyketide d/ Alkaloid g | Peripherin-labelled neurite process | 15 nM * | Peripherin isoform downregulation | NOR | [213] |
Nervous system | caulerpine (198)/alga | Alkaloid g | Antinociceptive activity | 40 mg/kg * | Involves α2 and 5-HT3 receptors | BRA | [214] |
Nervous systema | 6-bromohypaphorine (199)/sea slug | Alkaloid g | Human α7 nAChR agonist | 23 µM | Rise [Ca2+ ]i | RUS | [215] |
Nervous system | piscidin (200)/fish | Peptide g | Antinociceptive activity | 20 µg/rat * | Phosphor-mTOR inhibition | TWN | [216] |
Nervous system | C. marmoreus conotoxin Mr1.7 (201)/cone snail | Peptide g | Ach-evoked membrane current inhibition | 53.1 nM | A3β2 nAChR inhibition | CHN | [217] |
Nervous system | C. litteratus conotoxin lt16a (202)/cone snail | Peptide g | Neuronal Na+ current inhibition | 1 µM * | Undetermined | CHN | [218] |
Nervous system | C. vitulinus peptide (203)/ cone snail | Peptide g | Neuronal BK channel inhibition | 8.5 µM | Electrostatic interaction with β4 subunits | CHN, USA | [219] |
Nervous system | echinochrome A (204)/sea urchin | Polyketide d | Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and NO scavenging | 16.4 µM | Irreversible and uncompetitive inhibition | S. KOR, RUS | [220] |
Nervous system | ganglioside LLG-3 (205)/starfish | Glycolipid | Neuritogenesis stimulation in vitro | 1 nM * | MAPK signaling stimulation | JPN | [221] |
Nervous system | heteronemin (206)/sponge | Terpenoid f | TDP-43 binding to DNA inhibition | 10.1 nM | Promoted aggregation of insoluble TDP-43 | ITA | [222] |
Nervous system | pinnatoxin A (207)/mollusc | Polyketide d/ Alkaloid g | Muscle and neuronal nAChRs receptor inhibition | 0.086–47.5 nM | EF-ketal ring confers nAChR subtype specificity | FRA, USA | [223] |
Nervous tissue | PhcrTx1 (208)/sea anemone | Peptide g | ASIC inhibition | 100 nM | Lower potency on Kv channels | BEL, BRA, CUB, DEU, ESP, MEX | [224] |
Nervous tissue | phlorofucofuroeckol-A (10)/alga | Polyketide d | Butyrylcholinesterase inhibition | 0.95 µM | β-secretase inhibition | S. KOR | [225] |
Nervous tissue | S. auritum ceramide (209)/soft coral | Polyketide d | Anxiolytic and CNS depressing activity in vivo | 1 mg/kg ** | GABA(A) receptor modulation | EGY, USA | [226] |
Nervous system | spirolide C (210)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide d/ Alkaloid g | nAChR inhibition | 1.5–3 nM * | Muscle and neuronal -type nAChR inhibition | FRA | [227] |
Nervous system | zonarol (211)/alga | Meroterpenoid f | Glutamate toxicity inhibition in vitro | 0.22 µM | Nrf2/ARE pathway activation | JPN, USA | [228] |
Nervous system | aplysinellamide-1 (212)/sponge | Alkaloid g | ApoE secretion modulation | 30 µM * | Undetermined | AUS, CAN | [229] |
Nervous system | A. terreus lactones (120, 121)/fungus | Polyketide d | acetylcholinesterase inhibition | 4.2 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [115] |
Nervous system | C. araneosus ar3j conotoxin (213)/cone snail | Peptide g | Sleep induction | 2 nM * | Undetermined | IND | [230] |
Nervous system | D. cejpii steroid (214)/fungus | Terpenoid f | Amyloid β-42 production inhibition | 10 µM * | Undetermined | DEU, FRA | [231] |
Nervous system | genuanine (215)/cone snail | Alkaloid g | Paralysis in vivo | 40 nM * | Undetermined | PRT, USA | [232] |
Nervous system | homoaerothionin (216)/sponge | Alkaloid g | acetylcholinesterase inhibition | 2.9–6.2 µM | Undetermined | THA | [233] |
Nervous system | mooreamide A (217)/bacterium | Polyketide d | CB1 binding | 0.47 µM ** | Undetermined | ITA, PNG, USA | [234] |
Nervous system | S. spinosulus hydroquinone (218)/sponge | Shikimate h/Polyketide d | Enhance glutamate and ACh release | 10 µM * | Undetermined | ITA | [235] |
Compound/Organism a | Chemistry | Pharmacological Activity i | IC50 b | MMOA c | Country d | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AdE-1 (219)/sea anemone | Peptide g | Cardiomyocyte action potential modulation | 2 nM * | Na+ and K+ current increase | ISR | [236] |
aaptamine (220)/sponge | Alkaloid g | ROS inhibition | 10 μM * | Cytokine inhibition | S. KOR | [237] |
amphirionin-4 (221)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide e | Bone marrow stromal cells proliferation stimulation | <0.1 ng/mL | Cytoskeleton protein synthesis | JPN | [238] |
astaxanthin (145)/alga | Terpenoid f | Leydig cell steroidogenesis protection | 10 µg/mL * | ROS scavenging | TWN | [239] |
bastadins 6 and 16 (222, 223)/sponge | Alkaloid g | Foam cell formation inhibition | 5 μM * | ACAT inhibition | JPN | [240] |
6,6-bieckol (224)/alga | Polyketide e | Adipocyte differentiation inhibition | 50 µg/mL * | Adipogenesis inhibition | S. KOR | [241] |
(-)-chlorizidine A (225)/bacterium | Alkaloid g | Increase G1 cell cycle phase | 2 μM * | GAPDH and hENO1 binding | BRA, USA | [242] |
dihydroaustrasulfone alcohol (226)/soft coral | Polyketide e | PDGF-induced HASMC proliferation and angiogenesis inhibition | 10 μM * | DNA synthesis and VEGF signaling inhibition | TWN | [243,244] |
DPHC (227)/alga | Terpenoid f | UVB radiation-induced DNA damage protection | 20 μM * | Nucleotide excision repair system induction | S. KOR | [245] |
echinochrome A (204)/sea urchin | Alkaloid g | Cardiac contractility inhibition | 3 μM * | SERCA2A inhibition | BEL, S. KOR, RUS | [246] |
echinochrome A (204)/sea urchin | Alkaloid g | Increased mitochondria biogenesis and function | 5 μM * | Mitochondrial biogenesis genes upregulation | S. KOR, RUS | [247] |
eckol (228)/alga | Polyketide e | ROS suppression in cells | 10 μM * | Increased HO-1 expression | S. KOR | [248] |
emindole SB (229)/fungus | Terpenoid f | Nonselective CB1/CB2 antagonist | 2.2–7.0 μM ** | Undetermined | CHE, DEU | [249] |
farnesylquinone (230)/bacterium | Polyketide e | Decreased lipid accumulation | 1 μM * | Increased PPARα activity | CHN, DEU | [250] |
FGFC1 (231)/fungus | Alkaloid g | Thrombolysis induction in vivo | 5 mg/kg * | Fibrin hydrolysis induction in vitro | CHN | [251] |
formosusin A (232)/fungus | Alkaloid g | Mammalian DNA polymerase β inhibition | 35.6 μM | Competitive and non-competitive inhibition | JPN | [252] |
fucodiphlorethol (233)/alga | Polyketide e | ROS inhibition | 10 μM * | Decreased mitochondrial loss, and caspase-9 expression | S. KOR | [253] |
gallic acid (234)/alga | Shikimate h | NO-dependent vasorelaxant effect | 12.5 µg/mL | Phospho-eNOS increase | S. KOR | [254] |
gallinamide A (235)/bacterium | Peptide f | Human cathepsin L inhibition | 5 nM | Covalent inhibition | USA | [255] |
girolline (236)/sponge | Alkaloid g | TLR 5 inhibition | 2 µg/mL | IL-8 and IL-6 inhibition | CAN, NLD, USA | [256] |
gracilins A, H, L (237–239)/sponge | Terpenoid f | mPTP opening inhibition | 1 μM * | Binding to CypD | EGY, ESP, GBR | [257] |
H. crispa polypeptides (240, 241)/sea anemone | Peptide f | Macrophage TNF-α, IL-6, and proIL-1β inhibition | Trypsin and α-chemotrypsin inhibition | RUS, TWN | [258] | |
Hyrtios sp. sesterterpene (242)/sponge | Terpenoid f | TDP-43 inhibition | 0.4 nM | TDP-43 to DNA binding inhibition | ITA, PYF | [259] |
irciniastatin A (243)/sponge | Polyketide e | TNF-α receptor 1 ectodomain shedding | 10 nM * | ERK activation induced | JPN | [260] |
iejimalide C (244)/ascidian | Polyketide e | V-ATPase inhibitor | 0.12 μM | Bafilomycin site binding | JPN | [261] |
Laurencia sp. indole (245)/alga | Alkaloid g | Aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist | 10 μM * | DNA binding stimulation and CYP1A1 induction | JPN, USA | [262] |
neopetroside A (246)/sponge | Alkaloid g | Cardiomyocyte mitochondrial upregulation | 10 µM * | Increased ATP levels and O2 consumption | RUS, S. KOR | [263] |
Phlorofucofuroeckol-A (10)/alga | Polyketide e | Lipid accumulation inhibition | 18 µM | Decreased PPARγ expression | S. KOR | [264] |
polytheonamide B (247)/sponge | Peptide g | One-ion pore channel permeation determined | NA | Two ion binding sites defined, but second ion excluded | JPN | [265] |
siphonaxanthin (248)/alga | Terpenoid f | Adipogenesis inhibition | 5 µM | Transcription factor inhibition | JPN | [266] |
spiromastixones J and L (57, 249)/fungus | Polyketide e | Cholesterol uptake inhibition | 10 μM * | PPARγ upregulation | CHN | [267] |
thalassospiramide C (250)/bacterium | Peptide g | HCAN1 inhibition | 3.4 nM | Binding to Cys115 residue | CHN, USA | [268] |
xyloketal B (251)/fungus | Polyketide e | Atherosclerotic plaque attenuation | 14 mg/kg *** | Increased eNOS activity | CAN, CHN | [269] |
xyloketal B (251)/fungus | Polyketide e | P450 3a activity and expression regulation | 14 mg/kg *** | Active site binding determined by docking studies | CHN, USA | [270] |
X. testudinaria lipid (252)/sponge | Polyketide e | Pancreatic lipase inhibition | 3.11 μM | Triglyceride level decrease in vivo | CHN, ITA | [271] |
acuminolide A (253)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide e | Stimulation of actomyosin ATPase | 1 μM * | Undetermined | S. KOR | [272] |
ahpatinin Ac (254)/bacterium | Peptide g | Pepsin inhibition | 11 nM | Undetermined | JPN | [273] |
alternariol derivatives (255–257)/sponge | Shikimate h | HCV protease inhibition | 12–52 µg/mL | Undetermined | EGY, SAU | [136] |
apliamide D (258)/ascidian | Peptide g | Na+/K+-ATPase inhibition | 3.2 μM | Undetermined | S. KOR | [274] |
austalides 4 and 9 (259, 260)/fungus | Terpenoid f | Endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase inhibition | 0.01 μM | Undetermined | RUS | [275] |
axinelline A (261)/bacterium | Alkaloid g | COX-2 inhibition | 2.8 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [276] |
brevisulcatic acid-4 (262)/dinoflagellate | Polyketide e | Activation of sodium channels | 20 ng/mL | Undetermined | JPN, NZL | [277] |
4′,5′-dehydrodiodictyonema (263)/alga | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 2.3 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [278] |
D. metachromia sesquiterpenes (264–266)/sponge | Terpenoid f | Multiple kinases inhibition | 0.97–4.8 μM | Undetermined | CHN, NLD, DEU | [279] |
didemnaketals D and E (267, 268)/ascidian | Terpenoid f | Multiple kinases inhibition | 10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | EGY | [280] |
dysiquinol D (269)/sponge | Terpenoid f | NF-κB inhibition | 0.81 μM | Undetermined | AUS, CHN | [281] |
fucoxanthin (134)/alga | Terpenoid f | Hydroxyl radical-scavenging | 10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | CHN | [282] |
halenaquinol sulfate (270)/sponge | Polyketide e | CDK9 and DYRK1A inhibition | 0.5–0.61 μM | Undetermined | FRA, NZL | [283] |
1-hydroxyethylhalenaquinone (271)/sponge | Polyketide e | Proteasome-chymotrypsin-like activity inhibition | 0.19 μM | Undetermined | IDN, JPN, NLD | [284] |
hymenialdisine derivatives (272–274)/sponge | Alkaloid g | PfGSK-3 inhibition | 0.07–0.2 μM | Undetermined | DEU, EGY, FRA, NLD | [285] |
hymenialdisine (275)/sponge | Alkaloid g | CK1, CDK5, GSK3β inhibition | 0.03–0.16 μM | Undetermined | AUS | [286] |
hyattellactone A (276)/sponge | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 7.45 μM | Undetermined | IDN, JPN | [287] |
H. lachne sesterterpenoid (277)/sponge | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 5.2 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [288] |
ianthelliformisamines A–C (278, 7, 8)/ sponge | Alkaloid g | Carbonic anhydrase inhibition | 0.2–0.85 μM ** | Undetermined | AUS, ITA | [289] |
incisterols A5 and A6 (279, 280)/sponge | Terpenoid f | PXR agonists | 10 μM * | Undetermined | ITA | [290] |
L. crassum cembranoid (281)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | PPAR transcription activation | 2.07 μM | Undetermined | VNM | [291] |
L. okamurai terpenoid (282)/alga | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 4.9 μg/mL | Undetermined | CHN | [292] |
malonganenone L (283)/sea whip | Alkaloid g | PDE4D inhibition | 8.5 μM | Undetermined | CHN | [293] |
punctaporonin K (284)/fungus | Terpenoid f | Lipid-lowering effect | 10 μM * | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [294] |
psychrophilin G (285)/fungus | Peptide g | Lipid-lowering effect | 10 μM * | Undetermined | CHN | [295] |
racemosin (286)/alga | Alkaloid g | PTP1B inhibition | 5.9 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [296] |
sarcoehrendin B (287)/soft coral | Polyketide e | PDE4 inhibition | 3.7 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [297] |
sarsolilide A (288)/soft coral | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 6.8 µM | Undetermined | CHN, HUN | [298] |
Stachybotry sp. xanthone (289)/fungus | Polyketide e | COX-2 inhibition | 8.9 µM | Undetermined | CHN | [299] |
S. thunbergii alkapolyene (290)/alga | Polyketide e | Soybean LOX inhibition | 5 µM | Undetermined | JPN, S. KOR | [300] |
shinorine (291)/alga | Alkaloid g | C. histolyticum collagenase inhibition | 104 µM | Undetermined | AUT | [301] |
sinularone D (292)/soft coral | Polyketide e | NF-κB inhibition | 10 μg/mL * | Undetermined | CHN | [302] |
N-(2-benzenepropanoic acid) stachybotrylactam (293)/fungus | Alkaloid g | Triglyceride and cholesterol inhibition | 10 μM * | Undetermined | CHN, DEU | [303] |
strongylophorine-13/-14 (294)/sponge | Terpenoid f | Hu proteasome 20S inhibition | 2.1 μM | Undetermined | JPN | [304] |
swinhoeisterol A (295)/sponge | Terpenoid f | (h)P300 acetyltransferase inhibition | 2.7 μM | Undetermined | ITA, CHN, USA | [305] |
thunberol (296)/alga | Terpenoid f | PTP1B inhibition | 2.24 μg/mL | Undetermined | CHN | [306] |
xestosaprol O (297)/sponge | Terpenoid f | IDO1 inhibition | 4 μM | Undetermined | CAN, NLD | [307] |
urupocidin A (298)/sponge | Alkaloid g | iNOS expression induction | 10 μM * | Undetermined | RUS, TWN | [308] |
variabine B (299)/sponge | Alkaloid g | Proteasome-chymotrypsin-like activity inhibition | 4 µg/mL | Undetermined | IDN, JPN, NLD | [309] |
yoshinone A (300)/cyanobacterium | Polyketide e | Triglyceride inhibition | 0.4 μM | Undetermined | JPN | [310] |
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Mayer, A.M.S.; Guerrero, A.J.; Rodríguez, A.D.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O.; Nakamura, F.; Fusetani, N. Marine Pharmacology in 2014–2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010005
Mayer AMS, Guerrero AJ, Rodríguez AD, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Nakamura F, Fusetani N. Marine Pharmacology in 2014–2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayer, Alejandro M. S., Aimee J. Guerrero, Abimael D. Rodríguez, Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati, Fumiaki Nakamura, and Nobuhiro Fusetani. 2020. "Marine Pharmacology in 2014–2015: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antifungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis, Antiviral, and Anthelmintic Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems, and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action" Marine Drugs 18, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010005