Author Contributions
Conceptualization was done by all authors, E.M.B., N.S.Y., M.E.M., N.A.E.S.; methodology, E.M.B., N.S.Y., N.A.E.S.; software, E.M.B., N.S.Y., M.E.M.; validation, E.M.B., N.S.Y., and N.A.E.S.; formal analysis, E.M.B. and N.S.Y.; investigation, E.M.B.; resources, E.M.B., N.S.Y., and N.A.E.S.; data curation, E.M.B., N.S.Y., and N.A.E.S; writing—original draft preparation, E.M.B., N.S.Y., M.E.M., N.A.E.S; writing—review and editing, E.M.B., M.E.M, N.A.E.S.; visualization, E.M.B.; supervision, E.M.B., N.S.Y.; project administration, N.A.E.S..; funding acquisition, N.A.E.S.
Figure 1.
The UV-visible absorption (a) and the luminescence spectra (b) of control Cyanothece sp. cyanobacteria (green line) and gold nanoparticles produced by Cyanothece sp. (blue and purple color).
Figure 1.
The UV-visible absorption (a) and the luminescence spectra (b) of control Cyanothece sp. cyanobacteria (green line) and gold nanoparticles produced by Cyanothece sp. (blue and purple color).
Figure 2.
FTIR analysis of the gold nanoparticle complexes with Cyanothece sp.
Figure 2.
FTIR analysis of the gold nanoparticle complexes with Cyanothece sp.
Figure 3.
A cyclic voltammetry scan recorded for the cyanobacterial purple and blue AuNPs complexes at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Figure 3.
A cyclic voltammetry scan recorded for the cyanobacterial purple and blue AuNPs complexes at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Figure 4.
The treatment effects of bacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days on ISO-induced myocardial infarction with respect to serum level of cardiac marker enzymes. (A) creatine phosphokinase (CPK), (B) creatine Kinase-Myocardial Bound (CP-MB), (C) cardiac troponin T cTnT), and (D) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. Values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6). ISO: isoproterenol, BE: Cyanobacteria extract, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, CPK: creatine phosphokinase, CK-MB: creatine kinase-myocardial bound, cTnT: cardiac troponin T, and LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 4.
The treatment effects of bacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days on ISO-induced myocardial infarction with respect to serum level of cardiac marker enzymes. (A) creatine phosphokinase (CPK), (B) creatine Kinase-Myocardial Bound (CP-MB), (C) cardiac troponin T cTnT), and (D) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. Values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 6). ISO: isoproterenol, BE: Cyanobacteria extract, AuNPs: gold nanoparticles, CPK: creatine phosphokinase, CK-MB: creatine kinase-myocardial bound, cTnT: cardiac troponin T, and LDH: lactate dehydrogenase. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 5.
(I) Tracings obtained during blood pressure (BP) recordings. (A): Normal, (B): ISO control, (C): ISO + BE, (D): ISO +BE + blue-AuNPs, (E): ISO + BE + purple-AuNPs. (II) The treatment effects of bacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days on ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) with respect to SAP, DAP, MAP, and heart rate in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8).ISO: isoproterenol, SAP: systolic arterial pressure, DAP: diastolic arterial pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, and HR: heart rate. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) group using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 5.
(I) Tracings obtained during blood pressure (BP) recordings. (A): Normal, (B): ISO control, (C): ISO + BE, (D): ISO +BE + blue-AuNPs, (E): ISO + BE + purple-AuNPs. (II) The treatment effects of bacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days on ISO-induced myocardial infarction (MI) with respect to SAP, DAP, MAP, and heart rate in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8).ISO: isoproterenol, SAP: systolic arterial pressure, DAP: diastolic arterial pressure, MAP: mean arterial pressure, and HR: heart rate. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) group using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 6.
(I) The treatment effects of cyanobacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations, respectively, for 14 successive days on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction with respect to the ECG components in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All of the values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). ISO: isoproterenol. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) group using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis. (II) Electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings that were recorded for evaluating heart rate and rhythm disorders.
Figure 6.
(I) The treatment effects of cyanobacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations, respectively, for 14 successive days on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction with respect to the ECG components in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All of the values are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). ISO: isoproterenol. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) group using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis. (II) Electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings that were recorded for evaluating heart rate and rhythm disorders.
Figure 7.
The treatment effects of cyanobacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) on (A) GSH, (B) SOD, and (C) CAT in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All the values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). ISO: isoproterenol, GSH: glutathione reductase, SOD: superoxide dismutase and CAT: Catalase. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 7.
The treatment effects of cyanobacterial extract (BE, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) and gold nanoparticles (blue-AuNPs or purple-AuNPs, 200 mg/kg/day, IP) combinations respectively, for 14 successive days in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) on (A) GSH, (B) SOD, and (C) CAT in normal and ISO-induced MI rats. All the values were expressed as mean ± SD (n = 8). ISO: isoproterenol, GSH: glutathione reductase, SOD: superoxide dismutase and CAT: Catalase. # indicates a statistically significant difference from the normal group, * indicates a statistically significant difference from the isoproterenol control group, (p < 0.05) using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test as a post hoc analysis.
Figure 8.
An image of the blue green cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp.
Figure 8.
An image of the blue green cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp.
Table 1.
The properties and diameter of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) produced by culture of the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp.
Table 1.
The properties and diameter of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) produced by culture of the cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp.
Sample | Diameter (nm) | Aggregation Time | Concentration (µmole.L−1) | Shape | System |
---|
blue- AuNPs | 129 ± 0.4 | 60 min | 25.00 | Non-spherical | Polydisperse |
purple-AuNPs | 80 ± 0.3 | 24 h | 2.50 | Spherical | Polydisperse |