Marine Algae as a Potential Source for Anti-Obesity Agents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Seaweeds as Food and Their Potential Anti-Obesity Effects
3. Marine Algae as a Source of Anti-Pancreatic Lipase Agents
4. Algal Compounds with Anti-Obesity Effects
4.1. Fucoxanthin
4.2. Alginates
4.3. Fucoidans
4.4. Phlorotannins
5. Future Directions of Research
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Algal Compounds | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
---|---|---|
Fucoxanthin | Inhibition of pancreatic lipase | [32] |
Alginates | [33] | |
Phlorotannins | [37] | |
Fucoxanthin | Enhanced ß-oxidation through increased expression of uncoupling protein 1 | [21] |
(UCP-1) | ||
Suppression of inflammation in white adipose tissues (WAT) | [45] | |
Increased activities of key enzymes in lipid metabolism—AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) & acetyl CoA carboxylase | [49] | |
Fucoxanthin | Suppression of adipocyte differentiation | [56] |
Phlorotannins | [88] | |
Alginates | Delayed gastric clearance, stimulation of gastric stretch receptors and attenuated nutrient absorption | [68] |
Fucoidans | Downregulation of gene expression of key adipogenic markers and inflammatory-related genes in adipocytes | [78] |
Algal Producer | Content | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Microalgae | |||
Phaeodactylum tricornutun | 15.42–16.51 mg/g freeze-dried sample weight | Ethanol provided the best extraction yield; The diatom also contained high amounts of EPA | [39] |
Isochrysis galbana | 18.23 mg/g dried sample | Most fucoxanthin (~95%) could be extracted in ethanol | [40] |
Chaetoceros calcitrans | 5.25 mg/g dry weight | Preparation of a fucoxanthin-rich fraction with high antioxidative properties | [106] |
Odontella aurita | 18.47 mg/g dry weight | Grown in a bubble column photobioreactor; low light and nitrogen-replete culture medium enhanced biosynthesis of fucoxanthin | [107] |
Seaweeds | |||
Sargassum horneri (Akamoku) | 10.81 mg/g dry weight | The contents varied with season—highest in samples harvested during the coldest part of the year | [108] |
Laminaria japonica (konbu) | 0.19 mg/g fresh weight | Extracted from waste parts of the cultured seaweed | [109] |
Laminaria japonica | 0.03 mg/g fresh weight | Microwave-assisted extraction coupled with high-speed countercurrent chromatography | [110] |
Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) | 0.73 mg/g dry weight | ||
Sargassum fusiforme | 0.01 mg/g dry weight | ||
Petalonia binghamiae | 0.43–0.58 mg/g fresh weight | Deep seawater was used for the culturing of the seaweed | [91] |
Test Material/Chemical | Experimental Model | Findings | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Xanthigen (brown marine algae fucoxanthin + pomegranate seed oil) | Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes | ↓ accumulation of lipid droplets in adipocytes; ↓ protein levels of key adipogenesis transcription factors: PPARγ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) β, and C/EBPδ & fatty acid synthase; ↑ NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases (SIRT1) and activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. | [63] |
Brown seaweed extract (10% fucoxanthin) | Human adipose-derived stem cells | ↓ ROS; Silencing of palmitic acid-induced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) resulted in the decrease in lipid droplet accumulation | [57] |
Fucoxanthin-rich wakame (Undaria) lipids (WL) | Mouse (Type 2 diabetes/obese model) | ↓ body weight and white adipose weight; ↓ plasma levels of leptin; ↑ mRNA expression of β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) in WAT and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA in skeletal muscle tissues | [45] |
Fucoxanthin & Fucoxanthinol | Mouse (Type 2 diabetes/obese model) | Improved glucose tolerance; ↓ TNF-γ and MCP-1 expression in WAT | [48] |
Capsule containing omega-3 PUFA-rich scallop phospholipids (PL) with incorporation of Undaria lipids (UL) containing fucoxanthin | Mouse | ↓ body weight and WAT weight; ↑ UCP1 and mRNA expression of UCP1 in epididymal fat | [53] |
Fucoxanthin (pure chemical) | Mouse | ↓ IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX-2, and suppressed maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) | [47] |
Petalonia binghamiae extract containing fucoxanthin | Mouse | ↓ body weight gain, adipose tissue weight and cell size, fatty droplet accumulation in the liver, and serum triacylglycerol level; ↓ phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in epididymal adipose tissue | [58] |
Fucoxanthin (isolated from dried Undaria pinnatifida) | Mouse | ↓ plasma triacylglycerols with a concomitant; ↑ fecal lipids; ↓ hepatic lipid contents; ↓ activity of the hepatic lipogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase and phosphatidate phosphohydrolase; ↑ activity of β-oxidation; ↑ plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations; ↓ glucose and HbA1c | [51] |
Fucoxanthin oil (1% fucoxanthin) + conjugated linolenic acid (CLA) | Rat | ↓ triacylglycerol and leptin levels; ↑ mRNA expression of adiponectin, adipose triacylglycerol lipase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A | [50] |
Xanthigen (brown marine algae fucoxanthin + pomegranate seed oil) | Human subjects | ↓ body weight, waist circumference, body and liver fat content, liver enzymes (NAFLD group only), serum triacylglycerols and C-reactive protein | [62] |
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Wan-Loy, C.; Siew-Moi, P. Marine Algae as a Potential Source for Anti-Obesity Agents. Mar. Drugs 2016, 14, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14120222
Wan-Loy C, Siew-Moi P. Marine Algae as a Potential Source for Anti-Obesity Agents. Marine Drugs. 2016; 14(12):222. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14120222
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan-Loy, Chu, and Phang Siew-Moi. 2016. "Marine Algae as a Potential Source for Anti-Obesity Agents" Marine Drugs 14, no. 12: 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14120222