Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Species | Origin and Reference |
---|---|
Dinophysis acuminata | South Korea [33]; Northeast Japan [34]; Northwest Denmark [35]; Northeast US [36,37]; Northeast Spain [38]. |
D. acuta | Southwest and Northwest Spain [39,40]; Denmark [41] |
D. caudata | South Korea [42]; Southeast Japan [43]; Northwest Spain [40] |
D. fortii | Southeast Japan [44] |
D. infundibula | Southwest Japan [45] |
D. cf ovum | South Brazil [46] |
D. sacculus | Northwest Spain [47] |
D. tripos | Northwest Spain [48] |
2. Historic Overview
3. Toxin-Containing Species of Dinophysis/Phalacroma: Toxin Profile and Contribution to DSP Events
3.1. Dinophysis acuminata (Figure 2B)
3.2. Dinophysis acuta (Figure 2A)
3.3. Dinophysis caudata (Figure 2K)
3.4. Dinophysis fortii (Figure 2D)
3.5. Dinophysis infundibula (Figure 2I)
3.6. Dinophysis miles (Figure 2L)
3.7. Dinophysis norvegica (Figure 2E)
3.8. Dinophysis ovum (Figure 2G)
3.9. Dinophysis sacculus (Figure 2C)
3.10. Dinophysis tripos (Figure 2J)
3.11. Phalacroma mitra (Figure 2F)
3.12. Phalacroma rotundatum (Figure 2H)
4. Worldwide Distribution of DsT Reports Associated with Dinophysis Occurrence
4.1. Europe
4.1.1. Atlantic Coasts and Adjacent Seas
4.1.2. Arctic Ocean, Baltic Sea
4.1.3. Mediterranean Sea
4.2. Africa
4.2.1. Atlantic Coasts
4.2.2. Mediterranean Coasts
4.3. West Pacific and Indian Ocean
4.4. North America
4.4.1. Eastern North America
4.4.2. Northern Gulf of Mexico
4.4.3. Western North America
4.5. Central America
4.6. South America
4.6.1. Pacific Coast
4.6.2. Atlantic Coast
4.7. Australia and New Zealand
5. Dynamics of Toxin Production and Accumulation in Natural Populations and in Cultures of Dinophysis Species
5.1. Observations on Field Populations of Dinophysis
5.1.1. Diurnal Variability in Toxin Content Per Cell
5.1.2. Spatial and Seasonal Variability in Toxin Content Per Cell
5.2. Observations in Dinophysis Cultures
6. Uptake, Accumulation, Detoxification, and Enzymatic Transformation of DST in Bivalves
6.1. Toxin Uptake
6.2. Balance between Uptake and Elimination
6.3. Biotransformation of Dinophysis Toxins and Derivatives
6.4. Changes in Toxin Concentration and Toxicity due to Allometric Processes
7. Assessment of Sample Collection Procedures and Available Methods for Analyses of Dinophysis Toxins
7.1.Collection Procedures
7.1.1. Individually Picked Cells
7.1.2. Net-Hauls and Plankton Concentrates
7.1.3. Toxins in Seawater
7.1.4. Dinophysis Cultures
7.1.5. Shellfish
7.2. DsT Determination Methods
7.2.1. Biological Assays
7.2.1.1. Bioassays
7.2.1.2. Phosphatase Inhibition Assay
7.2.1.3. Cytotoxicity Assays
7.2.1.4. Inmunoassays
7.2.2. Analytical Methods
7.2.2.1. Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection (LC-FLD)
7.2.2.2. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reguera, B.; Riobó, P.; Rodríguez, F.; Díaz, P.A.; Pizarro, G.; Paz, B.; Franco, J.M.; Blanco, J. Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 394-461. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010394
Reguera B, Riobó P, Rodríguez F, Díaz PA, Pizarro G, Paz B, Franco JM, Blanco J. Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish. Marine Drugs. 2014; 12(1):394-461. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010394
Chicago/Turabian StyleReguera, Beatriz, Pilar Riobó, Francisco Rodríguez, Patricio A. Díaz, Gemita Pizarro, Beatriz Paz, José M. Franco, and Juan Blanco. 2014. "Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish" Marine Drugs 12, no. 1: 394-461. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12010394