Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author, Year, Reference | Type of the Study (Years of the Cohort Collection) | Number of pts Evaluated with Thyroid Diseases Associated | Modality of Thyroid Disease Association Verification | Thyroid Disease Associated and Most Important Key-Points of the Articles |
---|---|---|---|---|
Our series | Retrospective, single-center (2010–2020) | 31 | Histology | Authors analyzed 31 pts out of 294 operated for BC and who developed a histologically verified thyroid disease at least 1 year later breast surgery (10.5%). Thyroidectomy was performed in 29/31 BC pts. Malignant thyroid disease as second primary tumor was found in 34.5% of pts (5 macro-PTC, 3 micro-PTC and 2 FTC). Seven of these 10 thyroid malignancies were both ER and PR positive. The most frequent final diagnosis (51.7%) was colloid cystic MNG, while HT was found in 7 pts (24.1%). |
Cieszynska et al., 2022 [24] | Prospective, multicenter (1996–2014) | 53 | Histology | Among 10,792 BC pts, 53 pts (0.49%) developed TC during a mean follow-up period of 14 years, that is 4 times greater than the expected number of 12 pts. TC histology was available for 50 pts, and it was PTC (n = 45 [90% of 50]), FTC (n = 3 [6%]) or medullary TC (n = 2 [4%]). The median time from BC diagnosis to TC diagnosis was 6.3 years. A total of 914 BC pts (8.3%) carried a CHEK2 mutation while 502 BC pts (4.6%) carried a BRCA1 mutation. Among the 914 women with a CHEK2 mutation, there were 10 TC observed, but only one was expected. |
Kim et al., 2021 [28] | Retrospective, single center (1973–2009) | 39 | Histology | Out of a total of 6150 pts surgically treated for well-differentiated TC during the study period, the authors retrospectively investigated all cases in which there had been a co-diagnosis with BC, finding 99 up to the end of 2012. Of these 99 pts with co-diagnosis, only in 75 cases it was possible to examine the formalin-fixed paraffin blocks related to BC. The histological features of the differentiated TC were indicated in 71/75 pts (65 PTC, 5 FTC, and 1 case with both histotype). The authors report that in 39/75 pts, BC occurred before or simultaneously to TC (BC/TC group) and in the remaining 36, it was diagnosed after TC (TC/BC group) but the time interval between the 2 malignancies is not specified. A possible role of ER and TR in the link between two neoplastic diseases was hypothesized, considering that their increased expression is associated with the occurrence of TC. |
Del Rio et al., 2020 [18] | Retrospective, single center (2010–2016) | 43 | US Cytology | The aim of the study was to value the incidence of BC in pts with a personal history of differentiated TC and conversely, the incidence of differentiated TC in pts with previous BC within 5 years from the diagnosis of the first tumor. All pts with a previous BC underwent to neck US before the operation (2010) and 6 years after it (2016) while pts with a previous differentiated TC were evaluated with mammography screening. In this retrospective evaluation, the authors state that they have found inconclusive results on the co-occurrence of BC and TC. Only 43 BC were further considered (28 had ID-BC or IL-BC, 13 had in situ-D-BC or in situ-L-BC and the remaining had 2 other histotype); among these pts, neck US detected TN in more pts in 2016 than in 2010 (21 vs. 13 or 49% vs. 30%) as well as diagnoses of thyroiditis which were made predominantly in pts in 2016 (10 vs. 6 or 23% vs. 14%). Six FNAC were made in 2016 (all results were category II), but the authors do not provide clear diagnoses of thyroid disease. |
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Dikshit, R.; Eser, S.; Mathers, C.; Rebelo, M.; Parkin, D.M.; Forman, D.; Bray, F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int. J. Cancer 2015, 136, E359–E386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chiappa, C.; Rovera, F.; Rausei, S.; Del Ferraro, S.; Fachinetti, A.; Lavazza, M.; Marchionini, V.; Arlant, V.; Tanda, M.L.; Piantanida, E.; et al. Breast cancer and thyroid diseases: Analysis of 867 consecutive cases. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 2017, 40, 179–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021, 71, 209–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, S.; Wu, F.; Hai, R.; You, Q.; Xie, L.; Shu, L.; Zhou, X. Thyroid disease is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gland Surg. 2021, 10, 336–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chung, W.Y.; Chang, H.S.; Kim, E.K.; Park, C.S. Ultrasonographic mass screening for thyroid carcinoma: A study in women scheduled to undergo a breast examination. Surg. Today 2001, 31, 763–767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, Y.; Li, X.; Ran, L.; Arshad, B.; Li, H.; Xu, Z.; Zhao, C.; Wu, Y.; Wu, H.; Chen, H.; et al. Study on the status of thyroid function and thyroid nodules in chinese breast cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 80820–80825. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sindoni, A.; Fama, F.; Rosano, A.; Scisca, C.; Dionigi, G.; Koch, C.A.; Gioffrè-Florio, M.; Benvenga, S. Thyroid nodules coexisting with either cystic or solid breast nodules: A new clue for this association between nodules coming from ultrasonography. Gland Surg. 2017, 6, 630–637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pedraza-Flechas, A.M.; Lope, V.; Vidal, C.; Sánchez-Contador, C.; Santamariña, C.; Pedraz-Pingarrón, C.; Moreo, P.; Ascunce, N.; Miranda-García, J.; Llobet, R.; et al. Thyroid disorders and mammographic density in Spanish women: Var-DDM study. Breast 2017, 34, 12–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Travis, L.B.; Demark Wahnefried, W.; Allan, J.M.; Wood, M.E.; Ng, A.K. Aetiology, genetics and prevention of secondary neoplasms in adult cancer survivors. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 10, 289–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Moor, J.S.; Mariotto, A.B.; Parry, C.; Alfano, C.M.; Padgett, L.; Kent, E.E.; Forsythe, L.; Scoppa, S.; Hachey, M.; Rowland, J.H. Cancer survivors in the United States: Prevalence across the survivorship trajectory and implications for care. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2013, 22, 561–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nielsen, S.M.; White, M.G.; Hong, S.; Aschebrook-Kilfoy, B.; Kaplan, E.L.; Angelos, P.; Kulkarni, S.A.; Olopade, O.I.; Grogan, R.H. The Breast-Thyroid Cancer Link: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2016, 25, 231–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bolf, E.L.; Sprague, B.L.; Carr, F.E. A Linkage Between Thyroid and Breast Cancer: A Common Etiology? Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2019, 28, 643–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.; Zhou, L.; Dionigi, G.; Zhang, D.; Zhao, L.; Liang, N.; Xue, G.; Sun, H. Association Between the Presence of Female-Specific Tumors and Aggressive Clinicopathological Features in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Analysis of 9822 Cases. Front. Oncol. 2021, 11, 611471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stergianos, S.; Juhlin, C.C.; Zedenius, J.; Calissendorff, J.; Falhammar, H. Metastasis to the thyroid gland: Characterization and survival of an institutional series spanning 28 years. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2021, 47, 1364–1369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Haugen, B.R.; Nawaz, S.; Cohn, A.; Shroyer, K.; Bunn, P.A., Jr.; Liechty, D.R.; Ridgway, E.C. Secondary malignancy of the thyroid gland: A case report and review of the literature. Thyroid 1994, 4, 297–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, J.; Xu, Z.; Hou, L.; Tang, Y.; Qian, S.; Pu, H.; Tang, J.; Gao, Y. Correlation Analysis of Breast and Thyroid Nodules: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2021, 14, 3999–4010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giani, C.; Fierabracci, P.; Bonacci, R.; Gigliotti, A.; Campani, D.; De Negri, F.; Cecchetti, D.; Martino, E.; Pinchera, A. Relationship between breast cancer and thyroid disease: Relevance of autoimmune thyroid disorders in breast malignancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996, 81, 990–994. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Del Rio, P.; Viani, L.; Bonati, E.; Marina, M.; Arcuri, M.F.; Ceresini, G. Possible association between breast thyroid carcinoma: Analysis of risk factors. Ann. Ital. Chir. 2020, 91, 173–180. [Google Scholar]
- Wilhelm, S.M.; Robinson, A.V.; Krishnamurthi, S.S.; Reynolds, H.L. Evaluation and management of incidental thyroid nodules in patients with another primary malignancy. Surgery 2007, 142, 581–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yane, K.; Kitahori, Y.; Konishi, N.; Okaichi, K.; Ohnishi, T.; Miyahara, H.; Matsunaga, T.; Lin, J.C.; Hiasa, Y. Expression of the estrogen receptor in human thyroid neoplasms. Cancer Lett. 1994, 84, 59–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rajoria, S.; Suriano, R.; Shanmugam, A.; Wilson, Y.L.; Schantz, S.P.; Geliebter, J.; Tiwari, R.K. Metastatic phenotype is regulated by estrogen in thyroid cells. Thyroid 2010, 20, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zervoudis, S.; Iatrakis, G.; Markja, A.; Tsatsaris, G.; Bothou, A.; von Tempelhoff, G.F.; Balafouta, M.; Tsikouras, P. Risk Factors of Synchronous Breast and Thyroid Cancer: A Controlled Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature. Mater Sociomed. 2021, 33, 298–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bakos, B.; Kiss, A.; Árvai, K.; Szili, B.; Deák-Kocsis, B.; Tobiás, B.; Putz, Z.; Ármós, R.; Balla, B.; Kósa, J.; et al. Co-occurrence of thyroid and breast cancer is associated with an increased oncogenic SNP burden. BMC Cancer 2021, 21, 706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cieszyńska, M.; Kluźniak, W.; Wokołorczyk, D.; Cybulski, C.; Huzarski, T.; Gronwald, J.; Falco, M.; Dębniak, T.; Jakubowska, A.; Derkacz, R.; et al. Risk of Second Primary Thyroid Cancer in Women with Breast Cancer. Cancers 2022, 14, 957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rappaport, J. Changes in Dietary Iodine Explains Increasing Incidence of Breast Cancer with Distant Involvement in Young Women. J. Cancer 2017, 8, 174–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, S.; Wang, B.; Lu, X.; Miao, S.; Yang, F.; Zava, T.; Ding, Q.; Zhang, S.; Liu, J.; Zava, D.; et al. Iodine stimulates estrogen receptor singling and its systemic level is increased in surgical patients due to topical absorption. Oncotarget 2017, 9, 375–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhao, X.; Chen, M.; Qi, X.; Zhu, H.; Yang, G.; Guo, Y.; Dong, Q.; Yang, Q. Association of Radioiodine for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Second Breast Cancer in Female Adolescent and Young Adult. Front. Endocrinol. 2022, 12, 805194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.A.; Kim, Y.A.; Cho, S.W.; Song, Y.S.; Min, H.S.; Park, I.A.; Park, D.J.; Hwang, K.T.; Park, Y.J. Increased expression of thyroid hormone receptor alpha and estrogen receptor alpha in breast cancer associated with thyroid cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2021, 47, 1316–1323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, J.M.; Domínguez, G.; González-Sancho, J.M.; García, J.M.; Silva, J.; García-Andrade, C.; Navarro, A.; Muñoz, A.; Bonilla, F. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor/erbA genes is altered in human breast cancer. Oncogene 2002, 21, 4307–4316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sterle, H.A.; Hildebrandt, X.; Valenzuela Álvarez, M.; Paulazo, M.A.; Gutierrez, L.M.; Klecha, A.J.; Cayrol, F.; Díaz Flaqué, M.C.; Rosemblit, C.; Barreiro Arcos, M.L.; et al. Thyroid status regulates the tumor microenvironment delineating breast cancer fate. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2021, 28, 403–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meirovitz, A.; Nisman, B.; Allweis, T.M.; Carmon, E.; Kadouri, L.; Maly, B.; Maimon, O.; Peretz, T. Thyroid Hormones and Morphological Features of Primary Breast Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2022, 42, 253–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiskra, J.; Límanová, Z.; Barkmanová, J.; Smutek, D.; Friedmannová, Z. Autoimmune thyroid diseases in women with breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Physiol. Res. 2004, 53, 693–702. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Hardefeldt, P.J.; Eslick, G.D.; Edirimanne, S. Benign thyroid disease is associated with breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2012, 133, 1169–1177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Prinzi, N.; Baldini, E.; Sorrenti, S.; De Vito, C.; Tuccilli, C.; Catania, A.; Carbotta, S.; Mocini, R.; Coccaro, C.; Nesca, A.; et al. Prevalence of breast cancer in thyroid diseases: Results of a cross-sectional study of 3921 patients. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 2014, 144, 683–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lateralityof BC (n = 31 pts) | BC Localizations (n = 33 Tumors) | Surgical Procedures (n = 33) | Immunohistochemical Features (n = 33 Tumors) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SEQ | SIQ | IEQ | IIQ | RA | Q + ALND (n = 23) | MM (+ALND) (n = 10) | ER+ >10% | PR+ >10% | MIB-1 ≤10% | MIB-1 >10% | |
UR ID-BC (16 pts) UR IL-BC (2 pts) | 11 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 14/18 | 12/18 | 11/18 | 7/18 |
UL ID-BC (8 pts) UL IL-BC (3 pts) | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 9/11 | 8/11 | 7/11 | 4/11 |
B ID-BC (2 pts) | R1 R2 L2 | L1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | R2 L2 | R1 L1 | R1 L1 R2 L2 | R1 L1 R2 L2 | R2 L2 | R1 L1 |
Thyroid Surgical Procedures (n = 29) | Colloid Cyst MNG (n = 15) | MNG with Macro-PTC (n = 5) | MNG with Micro-PTC (n = 3) | MNG with FTC (n = 2) | MNG with FA (n = 4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TT in pts with R-BC | 7 (3 §) | 4 (1 §) | 1 | 1 | 3 (1 §) |
TT in pts with L-BC | 6 | 1 (1 §) | 2 | 1 | 1 (1 §) |
TT in pts with B-BC | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Immunohistochemical Status of BC (n = 33 Tumors) | Colloid Cyst MNG (n = 15) | MNG with Macro-PTC (n = 5) | MNG with Micro-PTC (n = 3) | MNG with FTC (n = 2) | MNG with FA (n = 4) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ER+ PR+ MIB-1 ≤ 10% | 4 R ID-BC (2 §) | 2 R ID-BC (1 §) 1 L ID-BC | 1 R ID-BC 1 L ID-BC | 1 R ID-BC 1 L ID-BC | 1 R ID-BC (§) 1 L ID-BC (§) |
3 L ID-BC | |||||
1 L IL-BC | |||||
1 B ID-BC | |||||
ER+ PR+ MIB-1 > 10% | 1 B ID-BC | 1 R ID-BC | |||
ER+ PR- MIB-1 ≤ 10% | 1 R IL-BC | ||||
ER+ PR- MIB-1 > 10% | 1 R IL-BC | 1 L IL-BC | 1 R ID-BC | ||
ER- PR- MIB-1 > 10% | 1 R ID-BC (§) | 2 R ID-BC (1 §) | |||
1 L IL-BC | |||||
1 L ID BC |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Fama’, F.; Sindoni, A.; Sun, H.; Kim, H.Y.; Geraci, G.; Colonna, M.R.; Mazzeo, C.; Brenta, G.; Galeano, M.; Benvenga, S.; et al. Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113154
Fama’ F, Sindoni A, Sun H, Kim HY, Geraci G, Colonna MR, Mazzeo C, Brenta G, Galeano M, Benvenga S, et al. Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(11):3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113154
Chicago/Turabian StyleFama’, Fausto, Alessandro Sindoni, Hui Sun, Hoon Yub Kim, Girolamo Geraci, Michele Rosario Colonna, Carmelo Mazzeo, Gabriela Brenta, Mariarosaria Galeano, Salvatore Benvenga, and et al. 2022. "Development of Histologically Verified Thyroid Diseases in Women Operated for Breast Cancer: A Review of the Literature and a Case Series" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 11: 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11113154