Pediatric Sjögren’s Syndrome: Focus on Ocular Involvement and Diagnostic Challenges
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ANA | antinuclear antibodies |
ACR | American college rheumatology |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
EULAR | European alliance of associations for rheumatology |
MGD | Meibomian gland dysfunction |
RF | rheumatoid factor |
SICCA | Sjögren’s International Collaborative Clinical Alliance |
pSS | pediatric Sjögren’s syndrome |
TBUT | tear break-up time |
References
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Demographic Characteristic | |
---|---|
Female, n (%) | 4 (66.7%) |
Age, (range) years | 15.8 (12; 21) |
Age at diagnosis (mean ± SD) years | 11.0 ± 2.7 |
Age at disease onset (mean ± SD) years | 9.5 ± 2.8 |
ESSDAI (mean ± SD) | 4.0 ± 2.5 |
Laboratory | |
ANA positive, n (%) | 3 (50%) |
RF+, n (%) | - |
ESR [mm/h], positive n (%) | 3 (50%) |
CRP [mg/dL]), positive n (%) | 1 (16.7%) |
Platelets [cell ×1.000/mm3] mean ± SD | 250.1 ± 71.8 |
Hemoglobin [g/dL] mean ± SD | 12.35 ± 1.48 |
Hypertransaminasemia, n (%) | - |
Hyperamylasemia, n (%) | 1 (16.5%) |
Leukopenia, n (%) | - |
Low C3 levels, n (%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Low C4 levels, n (%) | 1 (16.7%) |
Polyclonal Hypergammaglobulinemia, n (%) | 4 (66.7%) |
Anti ds DNA, positive n (%) | - |
ENA, positive n (%) | 3 (50%) |
SSA/Ro | 3 (50%) |
SSB/La | - |
Clinical manifestations | |
Xerostomy, n (%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Xerophthalmia, n (%) | 5 (83.3%) |
Photosensitivity, n (%) | - |
Dental caries, n (%) | - |
Parotitis, n (%) | - |
Lymphadenopathy, n (%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Telogen effluvium, n (%) | - |
Arthralgia, n (%) | 5 (83.3%) |
Arthritis, n (%) | 3 (50%) |
Myalgia, n (%) | 2 (33.3%) |
Fever, n (%) | - |
Raynaud’s phenomenon, n (%) | 4 (66.7%) |
Fatigue, n (%) | 4 (66.7%) |
Rash, n (%) | - |
Documentation of parotid gland involvement | |
Salivary gland abnormalities in ultrasound, n (%) | 5 (83.3%) |
Sialography | - |
Ophthalmological tests | |
At SLE: irregular tear film | 6 (100%) |
At SLE: signs of anterior blepharitis | 4 (66.7%) |
Schirmer’s test (mean ± SD) | RE 13 mm ± 4.6; LE 12.5 mm ± 3.7 |
TBUT (mean ± SD) | RE 7.4 s ± 2.5; LE 7.7 s ± 2.3 |
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Del Giudice, E.; Saturno, M.C.; Fiorino, M.G.; Iannetta, D.; Spadea, L.; Martucci, V.; Marcellino, A.; Sanseviero, M.; Mauro, A.; Carlesimo, S.C.; et al. Pediatric Sjögren’s Syndrome: Focus on Ocular Involvement and Diagnostic Challenges. Medicina 2025, 61, 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071128
Del Giudice E, Saturno MC, Fiorino MG, Iannetta D, Spadea L, Martucci V, Marcellino A, Sanseviero M, Mauro A, Carlesimo SC, et al. Pediatric Sjögren’s Syndrome: Focus on Ocular Involvement and Diagnostic Challenges. Medicina. 2025; 61(7):1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071128
Chicago/Turabian StyleDel Giudice, Emanuela, Maria Carmela Saturno, Maria Grazia Fiorino, Danilo Iannetta, Luca Spadea, Vanessa Martucci, Alessia Marcellino, Mariateresa Sanseviero, Angela Mauro, Sandra Cinzia Carlesimo, and et al. 2025. "Pediatric Sjögren’s Syndrome: Focus on Ocular Involvement and Diagnostic Challenges" Medicina 61, no. 7: 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071128
APA StyleDel Giudice, E., Saturno, M. C., Fiorino, M. G., Iannetta, D., Spadea, L., Martucci, V., Marcellino, A., Sanseviero, M., Mauro, A., Carlesimo, S. C., Nante, N., Guarducci, G., Spadea, L., Lubrano, R., & Paroli, M. P. (2025). Pediatric Sjögren’s Syndrome: Focus on Ocular Involvement and Diagnostic Challenges. Medicina, 61(7), 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071128