Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design and Study Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. Marwit–Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory-Short Form (MM-CGI-SF)
2.3.2. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)
2.3.3. Caregiver Strain Index (CSI)
2.3.4. Duke–UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data of the Sample
3.2. Bivariate Correlations
3.3. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Global Action Plan on the Public Health Response to Dementia 2017–2025; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2021. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia (accessed on 14 January 2024).
- Vu, M.; Mangal, R.; Stead, T.; Lopez-Ortiz, C.; Ganti, L. Impact of Alzheimer’s Disease on Caregivers in the United States. Health Psychol. Res. 2022, 10, 37454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wittenberg, E.; Sullivan, S.S.; Rios, M. Improving Dementia Caregiver Activation with a Brief Communication Module. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care 2023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Blandin, K.; Pepin, R. Dementia Grief: A Theoretical Model of a Unique Grief Experience. Dementia 2017, 16, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crawley, S.; Sampson, E.L.; Moore, K.J.; Kupeli, N.; West, E. Grief in Family Carers of People Living with Dementia: A Systematic Review. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2022, 35, 477–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arruda, E.H.; Paun, O. Dementia Caregiver Grief and Bereavement: An Integrative Review. West. J. Nurs. Res. 2017, 39, 825–851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Manevich, A.; Rubin, S.S.; Katz, M.; Ben-Hayun, R.; Aharon-Peretz, J. The Two-Track Model of Dementia Grief and Spousal Response to Illness and Death. Death Stud. 2022, 47, 592–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manevich, A.; Rubin, S.S.; Katz, M.; Ben-Hayun, R.; Aharon-Peretz, J. Risk, Resilience, and the Two-Track Model of Dementia Grief Among Spouses of People Living with Cognitive Decline. Gerontol. Geriatr. Med. 2023, 9, 23337214231171264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindauer, A.; Harvath, T.A. Pre-Death Grief in the Context of Dementia Caregiving: A Concept Analysis. J. Adv. Nurs. 2014, 70, 2196–2207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lindemann, E. Symptomatology and Management of Acute Grief. Am. J. Psychiatry 1944, 101, 149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rando, T.A. A Comprehensive Analysis of Anticipatory Grief: Perspectives, Processes, Promises, and Problems. In Loss and Anticipatory Grief; Rando, T., Ed.; Lexington Books: New York, NY, USA, 1986; pp. 3–37. [Google Scholar]
- Bermejo Gómez, I.; Gallego-Alberto, L.; Losada Baltar, A.; Mérida Herrera, L.; García Batalloso, I.; Márquez-González, M. Anticipatory Grief in Family Caregivers of Persons with Dementia. Psychosocial Correlates and Impact on Caregiver’s Health: A Literature Review. Rev. Esp. Geriatr. Gerontol. 2023, 58, 101374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arkarc, Y.; Karanci, A.N. Examination of the Psychometric Properties of Marwit-Meuser Caregiver Grief Inventory-Short Form. Turk. Psikiyatri Derg. 2020, 31, 192–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liew, T.M.; Tai, B.C.; Yap, P.; Koh, G.C.H. Comparing the Effects of Grief and Burden on Caregiver Depression in Dementia Caregiving: A Longitudinal Path Analysis over 2.5 Years. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2019, 20, 977–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liew, T.M.; Yap, P. A Brief, 6-Item Scale for Caregiver Grief in Dementia Caregiving. Gerontologist 2020, 60, e1–e10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, J.; Galvin, J.E. Pre-Loss Grief in Caregivers of Older Adults with Dementia with Lewy Bodies. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2021, 82, 1847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moore, K.J.; Crawley, S.; Fisher, E.; Cooper, C.; Vickerstaff, V.; Sampson, E.L. Exploring How Family Carers of a Person with Dementia Manage Pre-Death Grief: A Mixed Methods Study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2023, 38, e5867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marwit, S.J.; Meuser, T.M. Development of a Short Form Inventory to Assess Grief in Caregivers of Dementia Patients. Death Stud. 2006, 29, 191–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Alcón, M.; Sosa-Cordobés, E.; Garrido-Fernández, A.; Sánchez-Ramos, J.L.; Ramos-Pichardo, J.D. Psychometric Properties of a Spanish Version of the MM-CGI-SF in Caregivers of People with Dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2023, 72, 201–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diez, C.; Rangil, T.; Sanchez, L.; Kroenke, K.; Spitzer, R.L. Validation and utility of the patient health questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosom. Med. 2001, 63, 679–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kroenke, K.; Spitzer, R.L.; Williams, J.B.W. The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2001, 16, 606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- López, S.; Moral, M. Validation of the Caregiver Strain Index in a spanish population. Enferm. Comunitaria 2005, 1, 12–17. Available online: http://www.index-f.com//comunitaria/1revista/1_articulo_12-17.php (accessed on 15 February 2024).
- Robinson, B.C. Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index. J. Gerontol. 1983, 38, 344–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Broadhead, W.E.; Gehlbach, S.H.; de Gruy, F.V.; Kaplan, B.H. The Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire. Measurement of Social Support in Family Medicine Patients. Med. Care 1988, 26, 707–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cuéllar, I.; Dresch, V. Validation of the Duke-UNK-11 functional social support questionnaire in caregivers. Rev. Iberoam. Diagn. Eval. Psicol. 2012, 2, 89–101. Available online: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=459645438004 (accessed on 24 February 2024).
- IBM. IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 25.0.0; IBM: Armonk, NY, USA. Available online: https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/spss-statistics/25.0.0(accessed on 15 November 2023).
- Vandenbroucke, J.P.; Von Elm, E.; Altman, D.G.; Gøtzsche, P.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Pocock, S.J.; Poole, C.; Schlesselman, J.J.; Egger, M. Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration. Epidemiology 2007, 18, 805–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gorostiaga, A.; Etxeberria, I.; Salaberria, K.; Kortabitarte, I. Primary and Secondary Caregivers of People with Dementia (PwD): Differential Patterns and Implications for Psychological Support. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tokovska, M.; Šolcová, J. The Burden of Next-of-Kin Carers of Dementia Sufferers in the Home Environment. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fujihara, S.; Inoue, A.; Kubota, K.; Yong, K.F.R.; Kondo, K. Caregiver Burden and Work Productivity Among Japanese Working Family Caregivers of People with Dementia. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2019, 26, 125–135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hailu, G.N.; Abdelkader, M.; Meles, H.A.; Teklu, T. Understanding the Support Needs and Challenges Faced by Family Caregivers in the Care of Their Older Adults at Home. A Qualitative Study. Clin. Interv. Aging 2024, 19, 481–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.; Seo, C.H.; Cassidy, J.; Shin, H.W.; Grill, J.D. Economic hardships of Korean American family caregivers of persons with dementia: A mixed-methods study. Aging Ment. Health 2023, 27, 1762–1769. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moore, K.J.; Crawley, S.; Vickerstaff, V.; Cooper, C.; King, M.; Sampson, E.L. Is Preparation for End of Life Associated with Pre-Death Grief in Caregivers of People with Dementia? Int. Psychogeriatr. 2020, 32, 763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singer, J.; Shrout, M.R.; Papa, A. Rates and Prospective Psychosocial Correlates of Pre-Loss Grief in Cancer and Dementia Family Members. J. Health Psychol. 2021, 27, 1547–1555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Warchol-Biedermann, K.; Mojs, E.; Gregersen, R.; Maibom, K.; Millán-Calenti, J.C.; Maseda, A. What Causes Grief in Dementia Caregivers? Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2014, 59, 462–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiely, D.K.; Prigerson, H.; Mitchell, S.L. Health Care Proxy Grief Symptoms Before the Death of Nursing Home Residents with Advanced Dementia. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008, 16, 664–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liew, T.M. Applicability of the Pre-Death Grief Concept to Dementia Family Caregivers in Asia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2016, 31, 749–754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Passoni, S.; Toraldo, A.; Villa, B.; Bottini, G. Prolonged grief in caregivers of community-dwelling dementia patients. Am. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Other Demen 2015, 30, 192–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheung, D.S.K.; Ho, K.H.M.; Cheung, T.F.; Lam, S.C.; Tse, M.M.Y. Anticipatory Grief of Spousal and Adult Children Caregivers of People with Dementia. BMC Palliat. Care 2018, 17, 124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez-González, A.; Vilajoana-Celaya, J.; Guàrdia-Olmos, J. Alzheimer’s Disease Caregiver Characteristics and Their Relationship with Anticipatory Grief. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2021, 18, 8838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hellis, E.; Mukaetova-Ladinska, E.B. Informal Caregiving and Alzheimer’s Disease: The Psychological Effect. Medicina 2023, 59, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subota, A.; Spotswood, N.; Roach, M.; Goodarzi, Z.; Holroyd-Leduc, J. Is Living with Persons with Dementia and Depression Correlated to Impacts on Caregivers? A Scoping Review. Can. J. Aging 2022, 41, 540–549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, D.; Livingston, G.; Jones, L.; Sampson, E.L. Grief Reactions in Dementia Carers: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 2013, 28, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-González, A.; Vilajoana-Celaya, J.; Guàrdia-Olmos, J. Burden and Anticipatory Grief in Caregivers of Family Members with Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias. Palliat. Support. Care 2023, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Steinsheim, G.; Malmedal, W.; Follestad, T.; Olsen, B.; Saga, S. Factors Associated with Subjective Burden among Informal Caregivers of Home-Dwelling People with Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Geriatr. 2023, 23, 644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Den Kieboom, R.; Snaphaan, L.; Mark, R.; Bongers, I. The Trajectory of Caregiver Burden and Risk Factors in Dementia Progression: A Systematic Review. J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 2020, 77, 1107–1115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gilsenan, J.; Gorman, C.; Shevlin, M. Explaining Caregiver Burden in a Large Sample of UK Dementia Caregivers: The Role of Contextual Factors, Behavioural Problems, Psychological Resilience, and Anticipatory Grief. Aging Ment. Health 2023, 27, 1274–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ameijeiras, P.A.; Espinosa, P. The Influence of Different Types of Social Support in Caregivers of People with Dementia. Int. J. Psychol. Res. Medellin 2022, 15, 85–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | n (%) | Mean | SD | Range | Median |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 58.2 | 12.7 | 24–87 | 57 | |
Sex | |||||
Female | 201 (80.4%) | ||||
Male | 49 (19.6%) | ||||
Relationship with the care recipient | |||||
Spouse/partner | 79 (31.6%) | ||||
Son/daughter | 155 (62%) | ||||
Other | 16 (6.4%) | ||||
Educational level | |||||
No or incomplete education | 29 (11.6%) | ||||
Primary education | 90 (36%) | ||||
Secondary education | 68 (27.2%) | ||||
University education | 53 (21.2%) | ||||
Postgraduate education | 10 (4%) | ||||
Stage of dementia | |||||
Mild | 51 (20.4%) | ||||
Moderate | 174 (69.6%) | ||||
Severe | 25 (10%) | ||||
Weekly days of care | 6.1 | 1.7 | 1–7 | 7 | |
Years of care | 5 | 3.6 | 1–20 | 4 | |
Personal Sacrifice Burden MM-CGI-SF(PSB) | 22.7 | 5.4 | 6–30 | 23 | |
Heartfelt Sadness and Longing MM-CGI-SF(HS&L) | 23.3 | 5.4 | 6–30 | 25 | |
Worry and Felt Isolation MM-CGI-SF(W&FI) | 18.5 | 5.7 | 6–30 | 18 | |
Dementia grief Total MM-CGI-SF | 64.6 | 14.8 | 18–90 | 67 | |
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 11 | 7 | 0–27 | 10 | |
Minimal | 54 (21.6%) | ||||
Mild | 63 (25.2%) | ||||
Moderate | 58 (23.2%) | ||||
Moderately severe | 37 (14.8%) | ||||
Severe | 38 (15.2%) | ||||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 7 | 3.1 | 0–13 | 7 | |
No high | 105 (42%) | ||||
High | 145 (58%) | ||||
Functional Social Support (Duke-UNC) | 37.3 | 10.4 | 11–55 | 38 | |
Low | 69 (27.6%) | ||||
Normal | 181 (72.4%) |
Variables | Personal Sacrifice Burden MM-CGI-SF(PSB) | Heartfelt Sadness and Longing MM-CGI-SF(HS&L) | Worry and Felt Isolation MM-CGI-SF(W&FI) | Dementia Grief Total MM-CGI-SF | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | t/F (p) | Mean (SD) | t/F (p) | Mean (SD) | t/F (p) | Mean (SD) | t/F (p) | |
Sex | ||||||||
Female | 23.1 (5.1) | –1.745 (0.056) | 23.7 (5) | −2.057 (0.044) | 18.9 (5.6) | –2.185 (0.030) | 65.7 (14.1) | –2.439 (0.015) |
Male | 21.3 (6.3) | 21.6 (6.4) | 16.9 (5.8) | 60 (16.7) | ||||
Relationship with the care recipient | ||||||||
Spouse/partner | 23.6 (5.5) | 2.075 (0.104) | 24.2 (5.6) | 1.401 (0.243) | 19.6 (5.9) | 1.972 (0.119) | 67.6 (15.3) | 2.140 (0.096) |
Son/daughter | 22.4 (5.4) | 22.9 (5.4) | 18.1 (5.6) | 63.5 (14.8) | ||||
Other | 19.8 (4.5) | 21.6 (4.7) | 16.2 (4.2) | 57.6 (10.8) | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||
No or incomplete education | 25.3 (5.5) | 3.068 (0.017) | 26.4 (3.8) | 4.983 (0.001) | 22.7 (5.4) | 6.459 (0.000) | 74.5 (13.6) | 5.793 (0.000) |
Primary education | 22.8 (5.1) | 23.1 (5.7) | 18.5 (5.4) | 64.5 (14.4) | ||||
Secondary education | 22.5 (5.1) | 23.5 (5.2) | 18.4 (5.7) | 64.4 (14.5) | ||||
University education | 22.2 (5.9) | 22.5 (4.9) | 16.9 (5.1) | 61.7 (14.2) | ||||
Postgraduate education | 19.1 (5) | 18.5 (5.9) | 14.9 (5.3) | 52.5 (13.7) | ||||
Stage of dementia | ||||||||
Mild | 19.6 (6.5) | 13.179 (0.000) | 20.2 (6.4) | 13.489 (0.000) | 16.9 (6.6) | 2.549 (0.080) | 56.8 (18.2) | 10.641 (0.000) |
Moderate | 23.2 (4.9) | 23.8 (4.9) | 18.8 (5.4) | 66.0 (13.5) | ||||
Severe | 25.4 (3.7) | 26 (3.7) | 19.2 (5.3) | 70.6 (9.7) | ||||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | ||||||||
Minimal | 17.3 (5.3) | 29.300 (0.000) | 18.9 (6.2) | 17.467 (0.000) | 13.1 (4.2) | 41.644 (0.000) | 49.4 (14.1) | 37.967 (0.000) |
Mild | 22.8 (4.2) | 22.9 (4.9) | 17.4 (4.5) | 63.2 (11.4) | ||||
Moderate | 23.7 (4.8) | 24.2 (4.4) | 18.7 (4.7) | 66.7 (12.4) | ||||
Moderately severe | 25.3 (3.8) | 25.8 (3.8) | 23.1 (4.1) | 74.3 (9.5) | ||||
Severe | 26.4 (3.6) | 26.1 (3.6) | 23.2 (4.1) | 75.8 (9.3) | ||||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | ||||||||
No high | 19.9 (5.9) | −7.283 (0.000) | 21.5 (6.1) | –4.315 (0.000) | 16.1 (5.8) | –6.132 (0.000) | 57.6 (16) | –6.570 (0.000) |
High | 24.8 (3.9) | 24.6 (4.4) | 20.2 (4.9) | 69.7 (11.5) | ||||
Functional Social Support (Duke-UNC) | ||||||||
Low | 24.6 (4.6) | 3.404 (0.001) | 24.6 (4.8) | 2.344 (0.020) | 21.7 (5.2) | 5.886 (0.000) | 71 (13.4) | 4.336 (0.000) |
Normal | 22.0 (5.5) | 22.8 (5.5) | 17.2 (5.4) | 62.1 (14.6) |
Variables | Personal Sacrifice Burden MM-CGI-SF(PSB) | Heartfelt Sadness and Longing MM-CGI-SF(HS&L) | Worry and Felt Isolation MM-CGI-SF(W&FI) | Dementia Grief Total MM-CGI-SF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.103 p = 0.104 | 0.075 p = 0.238 | 0.110 p = 0.082 | 0.107 p = 0.90 |
Sex | 0.125 p = 0.048 | 0.149 p = 0.018 | 0.137 p = 0.030 | 0.153 p = 0.015 |
Relationship with the care recipient | −0.132 p = 0.038 | −0.115 p = 0.069 | −0.149 p = 0.018 | −0.148 p = 0.020 |
Educational level | −0.181 p = 0.004 | −0.210 p = 0.001 | −0.270 p < 0.001 | −0.247 p < 0.001 |
Stage of dementia | 0.304 p < 0.001 | 0.308 p < 0.001 | 0.129 p = 0.041 | 0.273 p < 0.001 |
Weekly days of care | 0.243 p < 0.001 | 0.116 p = 0.067 | 0.220 p < 0.001 | 0.216 p = 0.001 |
Years of care | 0.180 p = 0.004 | 0.174 p = 0.006 | 0.114 p = 0.071 | 0.173 p = 0.006 |
Personal Sacrifice Burden MM-CGI-SF(PSB) | 0.727 p < 0.001 | 0.720 p < 0.001 | 0.908 p < 0.001 | |
Heartfelt Sadness and Longing MM-CGI-SF(HS&L) | 0.727 p < 0.001 | 0.673 p < 0.001 | 0.890 p < 0.001 | |
Worry and Felt Isolation MM-CGI-SF(W&FI) | 0.720 p < 0.001 | 0.673 p < 0.001 | 0.893 p < 0.001 | |
Dementia grief Total MM-CGI-SF | 0.908 p < 0.001 | 0.890 p < 0.001 | 0.893 p < 0.001 | |
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 0.537 p < 0.001 | 0.457 p < 0.001 | 0.640 p < 0.001 | 0.609 p < 0.001 |
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 0.497 p < 0.001 | 0.379 p < 0.001 | 0.444 p < 0.001 | 0.490 p < 0.001 |
Functional Social Support (Duke-UNC) | −0.354 p < 0.001 | −0.289 p < 0.001 | −0.477 p < 0.001 | −0.418 p < 0.001 |
Dependent Variables | Independent Variables | B | SE | β | t | p | Adjusted R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Sacrifice Burden MM-CGI-SF (PSB) | 0.447 | ||||||
Constant | 10.538 | 2.593 | 4.064 | <0.001 | |||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 0.588 | 0.98 | 0.344 | 6.010 | <0.001 | ||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 0.235 | 0.046 | 0.302 | 5.065 | <0.001 | ||
Weekly days of care | 0.546 | 0.166 | 0.171 | 3.281 | 0.001 | ||
Stage of dementia | 1.518 | 0.522 | 0.151 | 2.909 | 0.004 | ||
Heartfelt Sadness and Longing MM-CGI-SF(HS&L) | 0.312 | ||||||
Constant | 15.275 | 2.456 | 6.219 | <0.001 | |||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 0.242 | 0.050 | 0.312 | 4.876 | <0.001 | ||
Stage of dementia | 2.045 | 0.572 | 0.204 | 3.577 | <0.001 | ||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 0.307 | 0.105 | 0.180 | 2.936 | 0.004 | ||
Educational level | −0.725 | 0.280 | −0.141 | −2.590 | 0.010 | ||
Worry and Felt Isolation MM-CGI-SF(W&FI) | 0.502 | ||||||
Constant | 15.037 | 2.548 | 5.902 | <0.001 | |||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 0.325 | 0.046 | 0.398 | 7.078 | <0.001 | ||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 0.408 | 0.097 | 0.228 | 4.211 | <0.001 | ||
Functional Social Support (Duke-UNC) | −0.095 | 0.029 | −0.174 | −3.319 | 0.001 | ||
Educational level | −0.785 | 0.258 | −0.145 | −3.046 | 0.003 | ||
Weekly days of care | 0.339 | 0.165 | 0.101 | 2.049 | 0.042 | ||
Dementia grief Total MM-CGI-SF | 0.496 | ||||||
Constant | 48.117 | 5.821 | 8.266 | <0.001 | |||
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | 0.824 | 0.120 | 0.388 | 6.877 | <0.001 | ||
Caregiver Strain (CSI) | 1.206 | 0.249 | 0.258 | 4.849 | <0.001 | ||
Stage of dementia | 3.965 | 1.342 | 0.145 | 2.955 | 0.003 | ||
Educational level | −2.008 | 0.665 | −0.142 | −2.951 | 0.003 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sánchez-Alcón, M.; Garrido-Fernández, A.; Cano-Rojas, J.M.; Sánchez-Ramos, J.L.; Ramos-Pichardo, J.D. Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers. Medicina 2024, 60, 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040643
Sánchez-Alcón M, Garrido-Fernández A, Cano-Rojas JM, Sánchez-Ramos JL, Ramos-Pichardo JD. Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers. Medicina. 2024; 60(4):643. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040643
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Alcón, Miriam, Almudena Garrido-Fernández, José María Cano-Rojas, José Luis Sánchez-Ramos, and Juan Diego Ramos-Pichardo. 2024. "Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers" Medicina 60, no. 4: 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040643
APA StyleSánchez-Alcón, M., Garrido-Fernández, A., Cano-Rojas, J. M., Sánchez-Ramos, J. L., & Ramos-Pichardo, J. D. (2024). Relationship between Depressive Symptoms, Caregiver Strain, and Social Support with Dementia Grief in Family Caregivers. Medicina, 60(4), 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040643