A Narrative Review of Psychobiotics: Probiotics That Influence the Gut–Brain Axis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Gut–Brain Axis
2.1. HPA Axis
2.2. Immune Response and Inflammation
2.3. Neuroactive Compounds
3. Psychobiotics in Mental Health
4. Psychobiotics in Neurological Disorders
5. Side Effects of Psychobiotics
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Study Type, Population, Duration | Psychobiotic | Effects of Psychobiotic Therapy | Possible Mechanisms |
---|---|---|---|---|
[30] | A within-subjects design (a repeated measure, placebo-controlled design); 22 healthy male volunteers, 8 weeks | Bifidobacterium longum 1714 (dosage—1 × 109 CFU/day) | Cortisol levels and anxiety experienced during the cold pressor test (SECPT) were reduced. Decrease in daily reported stress. Subtle improvements in hippocampus-dependent visuospatial memory performance and enhanced frontal midline electroencephalographic mobility. | Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor synthesis through vagal activation |
[31] | A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 44 adults with IBS and diarrhea or a mixed-stool pattern (based on Rome III criteria) and mild to moderate anxiety and/or depression, 6 weeks | Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 (dosage—1 × 1010 CFU/g) | Reduced depressions scores on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Reduced response to negative emotional stimuli in multiple brain areas. Increase in quality-of-life score. | Distribution of neuroactive compounds through vagal signaling |
[32] | An open-label, prospective, randomized trial, 40 antidepressant-treated patients, 8 weeks | Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (dosage—60 mg/day) | Used in combination with antidepressants shows a positive effect in the treatment of treatment-resistance depressive disorders. A 50% reduction in depression and anxiety scores (HAMD-17; BDI, BAI) | Neuroprotective—neurogenesis, antioxidation, mitigating glutamate excitotoxicity, and directly regulating proinflammatory agents. |
[33] | A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 49 healthy medical students, 8 weeks | Lactobacillus casei Shirota (dosage—100 mL of a fermented beverage containing more than 1 × 109 CFU/mL/day) | Decrease in stress-associated physical symptoms (abdominal, cold symptoms). Preserves the diversity of gut microbiota—significantly higher numbers of species. | Modulation of HPA axis. Increased serotonin synthesis |
Reference | Study Type, Population, Duration | Psychobiotics | Effects of Psychobiotic Therapy | Possible Mechanisms |
---|---|---|---|---|
[34] | Experimental study, 60 male rats, 8 weeks | Faecalibacterium prausnitzii ATCC 27766 | Prevention and positive therapeutic effects on anxiety and depression-like behavior. Reverse impact of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Higher levels of SCFAs in the cecum, and higher levels of Il 10 in plasma. Reduced the enhanced level of circulating corticosterone, CRO, and cytokine IL-6 levels. | Normalized activity of the HPA axis. Anti-inflammatory effects. |
[35] | Experimental study, 40 male mice, 5 weeks | Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 | Reduction in depression and anxiety behaviors | Regulation of the HPA axis and increased expression of BDNF. Increase in serotonin levels |
[36] | Experimental study, 35 male rats, 8 weeks | Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 8014 | Serum and amygdala antioxidant markers (SOD, GPx, MDA, and TAC) were significantly increased. Symbiotic consumption with inulin led to a significant increase in the amygdala levels of BDNF and serotonin in diabetic rats. Positive effects on the elevated plus maze and forced swimming tests | Modulation of HPA axis through a reduction in oxidative stress. Increase in levels of serotonin and BDNF in the amygdala |
[37] | Experimental study, 48 male mice, 2 weeks | Lactobacillus plantarum 90sk and Bifidobacterium adolescentis 150 | Reduction in depressive-like behavior in the forced swimming test (effect similar to that of fluoxetine) | The bacteria’s ability to produce GABA |
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Ķimse, L.; Reinis, A.; Miķelsone-Jansone, L.; Gintere, S.; Krūmiņa, A. A Narrative Review of Psychobiotics: Probiotics That Influence the Gut–Brain Axis. Medicina 2024, 60, 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040601
Ķimse L, Reinis A, Miķelsone-Jansone L, Gintere S, Krūmiņa A. A Narrative Review of Psychobiotics: Probiotics That Influence the Gut–Brain Axis. Medicina. 2024; 60(4):601. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040601
Chicago/Turabian StyleĶimse, Laima, Aigars Reinis, Lāsma Miķelsone-Jansone, Sandra Gintere, and Angelika Krūmiņa. 2024. "A Narrative Review of Psychobiotics: Probiotics That Influence the Gut–Brain Axis" Medicina 60, no. 4: 601. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040601