Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Relation to Diabetes Markers in Saudi Adults: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Diabetes Markers
2.3. Blood Samples
2.4. Anthropometric Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Relationship between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index and Fasting Blood Glucose
3.3. Relationship between Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index, Insulin, and HbA1c
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean or % | |
---|---|---|
Age (y) | 48.6 | (±18.6) |
Age groups (y) | ||
≤24 | 11.4% | |
25–54 | 48.4% | |
55–64 | 20.8% | |
≥65 | 19.4% | |
Male | 40.7% | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 | (±18.0) |
Normal weight | 76.0% | |
Overweight | 10.0% | |
Obese | 14.0% | |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.3 | (±19.5) |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.4 | (±11.4) |
Hypertension | 14.0% | |
Neutrophil 102/L | 3.7 | (±1.8) |
Platelet 109/L | 298.9 | (±84.1) |
Lymphocyte 109/L | 2.5 | (±0.9) |
White Blood Cells 109/L | 7.0 | (±2.4) |
SII | 500.5 | (±217.6) |
FBG (mg/dL) | 52.4 | (±34.4) |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 14.8 | (±11.6) |
HbA1c% | 6.7 | (±1.8) |
Normoglycemia | 32.9% | |
Prediabetes | 42.1% | |
Diabetes | 25.0% |
SII | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<267.4) | Q2 (≥267.4 and <400.7) | Q3 (≥400.7 and <588.5) | Q4 (≥588.5) | p Value | |
Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | ||
n | 973 | 974 | 974 | 974 | |
SII (median) | 200.9 | 332.3 | 477.4 | 785.0 | |
Age (y) | 49.6 (48.8, 50.5) | 48.3 (47.2, 49.5) | 47.4 (46.2, 48.6) | 48.1 (46.9, 49.3) | 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 (28.2, 31.1) | 31.3 (29.1, 33.4) | 29.2 (27.1, 31.2) | 28.4 (26.5, 30.3) | 0.28 |
SBP (mmHg) | 126.9 (125.8, 128.1) | 125.7 (124.2, 127.2) | 127.1 (125.6, 128.6) | 125.3 (123.9, 126.7) | 0.17 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.9 (74.2, 75.6) | 74.3 (73.4, 75.3) | 74.1 (73.2, 75.1) | 73.8 (72.9, 74.7) | 0.31 |
Neutrophil 109/L | 2.1 (2.0, 2.2) | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 3.9 (3.9, 4.0) | 5.5 (5.4, 5.5) | <0.0001 |
Platelet 109/L | 260.1 (255.4, 264.7) | 285.8 (281.1, 290.5) | 309.2 (304.5, 313.9) | 341.3 (336.6, 346.0) | <0.0001 |
Lymphocyte 109/L | 2.8 (2.8, 2.9) | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) | 2.5 (2.4, 2.5) | 2.1 (2.0, 2.1) | <0.0001 |
White Blood Cells 109/L | 5.7 (5.6, 5.9) | 6.5 (6.4, 6.6) | 7.3 (7.1, 7.4) | 8.3 (8.2, 8.5) | <0.0001 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 42.0 (37.5, 46.6) | 51.6 (47.1, 56.1) | 45.7 (41.1, 50.2) | 62.1 (58.7, 65.4) | <0.0001 |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 6.6 (−5.2, 18.4) | 14.2 (−14.9, 43.3) | 42.9 (24.2, 61.6) | 9.8 (−6.1, 25.8) | 0.04 |
HbA1c% | 6.6 (6.5, 6.7) | 6.6 (6.5, 6.7) | 6.6 (6.5, 6.7) | 6.9 (6.8, 6.9) | <0.0001 |
SII | R2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference (95% CI) | |||
Fasting blood glucose | |||
Model 1 a | 34.2 (18.1, 50.2) | 0.041 | <0.0001 |
Model 2 b | 47.7 (3.5, 91.9) | 0.065 | <0.0001 |
Subgroup analysis | |||
Normoglycemia | 79.1 (33.1, 125.2) | 0.198 | 0.0008 |
Prediabetes | 47.8 (21.1, 74.4) | 0.105 | 0.0005 |
Diabetes | 26.5 (−55.0, 2.0) | 0.078 | 0.07 |
Normal weight | 30.3 (13.0, 47.6) | 0.063 | 0.0006 |
Overweight | 45.9 (−109.9, 18.0) | 0.137 | 0.16 |
Obesity | 39.6 (−90.5, 11.3) | 0.072 | 0.13 |
Female | 37.2 (12.6, 61.7) | 0.238 | 0.003 |
Male | 24.2 (3.1, 45.4) | 0.056 | 0.03 |
Age groups (y) | |||
≤24 | 27.7 (−114.3, 59.0) | 0.088 | 0.53 |
25–54 | 15.4 (−33.5, 2.8) | 0.237 | 0.09 |
55–64 | 16.8 (−39.2, 5.5) | 0.104 | 0.14 |
≥65 | 51.7 (15.8, 87.5) | 0.165 | 0.005 |
SII | R2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Difference (95% CI) | |||
Insulin | |||
Model 1 a | 170.9 (−502.5, 844.3) | 0.038 | 0.61 |
Model 2 b | 170.9 (−502.5, 844.3) | 0.096 | 0.64 |
Subgroup analysis | |||
Female | 173.2 (−401.3, 902.5) | 0.095 | 0.64 |
Male | 170.9 (−502.5, 844.3) | 0.099 | 0.66 |
HbA1c | |||
Model 1 a | 18.9 (−16.1, 53.9) | 0.004 | 0.19 |
Model 2 b | 30.6 (−51.9, 113.0) | 0.023 | 0.28 |
Subgroup analysis | |||
Female | −434.3 (−1491.7, 623.2) | 0.081 | 0.42 |
Male | −367.2 (−1560.2, 730.1) | 0.062 | 0.45 |
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Aljuraiban, G.S.; Alharbi, F.J.; Aljohi, A.O.; Almeshari, A.Z.; Alotaibi, M.N.; AlShammari, S.S.; Al-Musharaf, S.; Aldhwayan, M.M.; Abudawood, M. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Relation to Diabetes Markers in Saudi Adults: A Retrospective Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030442
Aljuraiban GS, Alharbi FJ, Aljohi AO, Almeshari AZ, Alotaibi MN, AlShammari SS, Al-Musharaf S, Aldhwayan MM, Abudawood M. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Relation to Diabetes Markers in Saudi Adults: A Retrospective Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(3):442. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030442
Chicago/Turabian StyleAljuraiban, Ghadeer S., Fahad J. Alharbi, Ali O. Aljohi, Abdullah Z. Almeshari, Masoud N. Alotaibi, Salem S. AlShammari, Sara Al-Musharaf, Madhawi M. Aldhwayan, and Manal Abudawood. 2024. "Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Relation to Diabetes Markers in Saudi Adults: A Retrospective Study" Medicina 60, no. 3: 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030442
APA StyleAljuraiban, G. S., Alharbi, F. J., Aljohi, A. O., Almeshari, A. Z., Alotaibi, M. N., AlShammari, S. S., Al-Musharaf, S., Aldhwayan, M. M., & Abudawood, M. (2024). Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Relation to Diabetes Markers in Saudi Adults: A Retrospective Study. Medicina, 60(3), 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030442