Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Collection and Variables
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
Patients’ Background Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | No Diabetes (n = 200) | T1D (n = 62) | T2D (n = 224) | p-Value | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (mean ± SD) | 55.3 ± 12.5 | 53.6 ± 11.7 | 56.4 ± 13.1 | 0.281 | 0.129 |
Gender, men | 118 (59.0%) | 35 (56.5%) | 121 (54.0%) | 0.586 | 0.733 |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 24.7 ± 5.0 | 26.0 ± 6.3 | 0.234 | 0.135 |
Currently smoking | 58 (29.0%) | 20 (32.3%) | 68 (30.4%) | 0.878 | 0.774 |
Alcohol use (frequent) | 19 (9.5%) | 4 (6.5%) | 12 (5.4%) | 0.249 | 0.739 |
Place of origin (urban) | 126 (63.0%) | 40 (64.5%) | 144 (64.3%) | 0.955 | 0.973 |
COVID-19 vaccinated | 52 (26.0%) | 20 (32.3%) | 68 (30.4%) | 0.498 | 0.774 |
CCI > 2 | 46 (23.0%) | 17 (27.4%) | 56 (25.0%) | 0.756 | 0.698 |
COVID-19 severity | <0.001 | 0.498 | |||
Mild | 99 (49.5%) | 22 (35.5%) | 68 (30.4%) | ||
Moderate | 71 (35.5%) | 24 (38.7%) | 81 (36.2%) | ||
Severe | 30 (15.0%) | 16 (25.8%) | 75 (33.5%) | ||
Duration of diabetes diagnosis, years (mean ± SD) | - | 10.9 ± 4.6 | 9.6 ± 5.1 | - | 0.071 |
Diabetes-related complications | |||||
Cardiovascular disease | - | 26 (41.9%) | 108 (48.2%) | - | 0.380 |
Neuropathy | - | 19 (30.6%) | 81 (36.2%) | - | 0.420 |
Kidney disease | - | 13 (21.0%) | 75 (33.5%) | - | 0.058 |
Others | - | 9 (14.5%) | 36 (16.1%) | - | 0.766 |
Hyperglycemia at admission | - | 20 (32.3%) | 116 (51.8%) | - | 0.006 |
Insulin use | - | 62 (100%) | 38 (17.0%) | - | <0.001 |
Dialysis users | - | 5 (8.1%) | 27 (12.1%) | - | 0.377 |
ICU admissions | 34 (17.0%) | 14 (22.6%) | 71 (31.7%) | 0.002 | 0.164 |
Mechanical ventilation | 36 (18.0%) | 18 (29.0%) | 79 (35.3%) | <0.001 | 0.358 |
Mortality | 7 (3.5%) | 5 (8.1%) | 26 (11.6%) | 0.008 | 0.427 |
Variables | Normal Range | No Diabetes (n = 200) | T1D (n = 62) | T2D (n = 224) | p-Value | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blood Glucose (mg/dL) | 70–99 | 95.1 ± 15.2 | 164.8 ± 39.6 | 178.3 ± 34.7 | <0.001 | 0.009 |
HbA1c (%) | 4.0–5.6 | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 8.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 0.038 |
C-Reactive Protein (mg/L) | <5.0 | 15.2 ± 8.9 | 27.4 ± 13.8 | 38.2 ± 14.6 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
D-Dimer (μg/mL) | <0.5 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 2.9 ± 2.0 | <0.001 | 0.798 |
Oxygen Saturation (%) | 95–100 | 93.9 ± 10.8 | 91.7 ± 12.9 | 90.8 ± 13.7 | 0.037 | 0.643 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.7–1.2 | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | <0.001 | 0.410 |
Lymphocyte Count (×109/L) | 1.0–3.0 | 3.4 ± 2.5 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 0.455 | 0.775 |
WBC Count (×109/L) | 4.5–11.0 | 9.0 ± 6.6 | 10.5 ± 4.8 | 10.2 ± 5.0 | 0.052 | 0.673 |
Variables | No Diabetes (n = 200) | T1D (n = 62) | T2D (n = 224) | p-Value | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Length of hospital stay (days) | 7.2 ± 6.6 | 9.1 ± 5.8 | 11.6 ± 7.0 | <0.001 | 0.010 |
Received antiviral treatment (%) | 156 (78.0%) | 51 (82.3%) | 192 (85.7%) | 0.117 | 0.501 |
Received steroids (%) | 121 (60.5%) | 43 (69.4%) | 167 (74.6%) | 0.008 | 0.412 |
Non-invasive ventilation (%) | 62 (31.0%) | 28 (45.2%) | 119 (53.1%) | <0.001 | 0.266 |
Discharge status (recovered) (%) | 193 (96.5%) | 57 (91.9%) | 198 (88.4%) | 0.008 | 0.427 |
Year | COVID-19 Severity | Length of Hospital Stay | ICU Admissions | Mortality | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1D | T2D | T1D | T2D | T1D | T2D | T1D | T2D | |
2020 | Moderate: 30.6%, Severe: 14.5% | Moderate: 33.9%, Severe: 17.0% | 9.0 ± 5.8 * | 10.8 ± 6.1 * | 11.3% | 15.2% | 4.0% | 5.6% |
2021 | Moderate: 35.5%, Severe: 20.3% | Moderate: 40.2%, Severe: 25.0% | 9.9 ± 6.3 * | 12.4 ± 6.9 * | 19.4% | 26.3% | 7.7% | 11.2% |
2022 | Moderate: 32.3%, Severe: 16.1% | Moderate: 36.6%, Severe: 21.9% | 7.8 ± 4.9 * | 9.6 ± 5.6 * | 14.5% | 20.5% | 6.1% | 9.4% |
Variables | Age | BMI | COVID-19 Severity | Hyperglycemia at Admission | ICU Admissions | Mechanical Ventilation | Mortality | Diabetes Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1 | −0.315 | 0.124 | −0.206 | 0.289 * | −0.148 | 0.032 | −0.178 |
BMI | −0.315 | 1 | −0.473 * | 0.217 | −0.356 | 0.439 * | −0.112 | 0.264 |
COVID-19 Severity | 0.124 | −0.473 * | 1 | −0.528 * | 0.603 * | −0.287 | 0.456 * | −0.219 |
Hyperglycemia at Admission | −0.206 | 0.217 | −0.528 * | 1 | −0.192 | 0.348 | −0.414 * | 0.327 |
ICU Admissions | 0.289 * | −0.356 | 0.603 * | −0.192 | 1 | −0.311 | 0.279 | −0.243 |
Mechanical Ventilation | −0.148 | 0.439 * | −0.287 | 0.348 | −0.311 | 1 | −0.253 | 0.197 |
Mortality | 0.032 | −0.112 | 0.456 * | −0.414 * | 0.279 | −0.253 | 1 | −0.287 |
Diabetes Type | −0.178 | 0.264 | −0.219 | 0.327 | −0.243 | 0.197 | −0.287 | 1 |
Variables | No Diabetes (n = 200) | T1D (n = 62) | T2D (n = 224) | OR (T2D vs. None) (95% CI) | OR (T2D vs. T1D) (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICU admission risk | 17.00% | 22.60% | 31.70% | 2.24 (1.40–3.57) * | 1.59 (1.09–2.83) * |
Mechanical Ventilation Risk | 18.00% | 29.00% | 35.30% | 2.46 (1.55–3.90) * | 1.37 (0.81–2.30) |
Mortality | 3.50% | 8.10% | 11.60% | 3.60 (1.08–8.20) * | 1.48 (0.58–3.76) |
Hospitalization Duration (Days) | 7.2 ± 6.6 | 9.1 ± 5.8 | 11.6 ± 7.0 | 1.61 (1.25–2.08) * | 1.28 (1.07–1.68) * |
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Cioca, F.; Timar, R.; Ignuta, F.; Vlad, A.; Bratosin, F.; Rosca, O.; Jianu, A.M.; Rosca, D.; Septimiu-Radu, S.; Burtic, S.-R.; et al. Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study. Medicina 2024, 60, 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020210
Cioca F, Timar R, Ignuta F, Vlad A, Bratosin F, Rosca O, Jianu AM, Rosca D, Septimiu-Radu S, Burtic S-R, et al. Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study. Medicina. 2024; 60(2):210. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020210
Chicago/Turabian StyleCioca, Flavius, Romulus Timar, Flavia Ignuta, Adrian Vlad, Felix Bratosin, Ovidiu Rosca, Adelina Maria Jianu, Daniela Rosca, Susa Septimiu-Radu, Sonia-Roxana Burtic, and et al. 2024. "Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study" Medicina 60, no. 2: 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020210
APA StyleCioca, F., Timar, R., Ignuta, F., Vlad, A., Bratosin, F., Rosca, O., Jianu, A. M., Rosca, D., Septimiu-Radu, S., Burtic, S.-R., Fildan, A. P., & Laitin, S. M. D. (2024). Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Three-Year Retrospective Study. Medicina, 60(2), 210. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60020210