Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
- No consumption or low consumption;
- Consumption in high quantities.
- No consumption;
- Red meat preference—beef, pork, lamb (rich in saturated fatty acids);
- White meat preference—herring, salmon, mackerel, tuna, sardine (rich in unsaturated fatty acids from the omega-3 group) and bird meat (rich in omega-6 fatty acids).
- Non-consumers;
- Daily or weekly consumers.
- Non-consumers;
- Regular consumers.
- No salt consumption, used sparingly or dietary salt;
- A diet characterized by a high salt intake.
- Non-smoker/no alcohol usage;
- Smoker/alcohol consumers.
- Higher education level—postgraduate studies, undergraduate studies, vocational school;
- Medium education level—high school;
- Lower education level—primary education.
- Individuals with insufficient data, especially regarding serum levels of PFG, TG, HDL-c, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI);
- Patients diagnosed with infectious diseases, including hepatitis B or C, liver or renal failure, hepatic cirrhosis, oncological diseases;
- Patients deceased during the study.
3. Results
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | 57.74 ± 13.68 Years | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female n = 64 (54.70%) | Male n = 53 (45.29%) | ||
T1, n.% | T2, n.% | T3, n.% | ||
Metabolic syndrome | 80 (68.37%), p = 0.0001 | 69 (59%), p = 0.06 | 74 (63.2%), p = 0.005 | |
Central adiposity | 90 (76.92%), p ˂ 0.0001 | 61 (52.1%), p = 0.71 | 64 (54.70%), p = 0.35 | |
High blood pressure, mm Hg | 82 (70.08%), p ˂ 0.001 | 48 (41.02%), p = 0.06 | 51 (43.58%), p = 0.19 | |
High triglycerides level, mg/dL | 72 (61.53%), p = 0.016 | 40 (34.18%), p = 0.0009 | 45 (38.5%), p = 0.01 | |
Low HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 76 (64.95%), p = 0.0017 | 58 (49.57%), p = 0.99 | 50 (42.73%), p = 0.13 | |
High fasting glucose, mg/dL | 39 (33.33%), p = 0.0004 | 29 (24.7%), p ˂ 0.001 | 30 (25.6%), p ˂ 0.001 | |
Number of meals/day | 1 to 6, p ˂ 0.0001 | 2 to 6, p = 0.005 | 3 to 6, p = 0.04 | |
Alcohol consumption | 44, (37.60%), p = 0.0122 | |||
Smoking | 66, (54.45%), p = 0.19 | |||
Lipids intake | 81, (69.23%), p ˂ 0.0001 | |||
Carbonated drink intake | 58,(49.57%), p ˂ 0.001 | |||
Salt intake | 85, (72.64%), p ˂ 0.0001 | |||
Meat intake | No intake 21, (17.94%) | p ˂ 0.001 | ||
White meat 79, (67.52%) | ||||
Red meat 49, (41.88%) | ||||
Fruits and vegetables intake | n = 74, (63.24%), p = 0.005 | |||
Physical activity | n = 45, (38.48%), p = 0.016 |
Age Category | Metabolic Syndrome (T1) n, (% of Total Number of Patients) |
---|---|
30–39 years (n = 15) | 7 (8.8%) |
40–49 years (n = 18) | 9 (11.3%) |
50–59 years (n = 25) | 17 (21.2%) |
60–69 years (n = 30) | 25 (31.2%) |
>70 years (n = 29) | 22 (27.5%) |
p = 0.003 |
Age Category | Central Adiposity | High Blood Pressure, mm Hg | High Triglycerides Level, mg/dL | Low HDL-Cholesterol, mg/dL | High Fasting Glucose, mg/dL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30–39 years (n = 15) | 9 (60%) | 8 (53.33%) | 8 (53.33%) | 4 (26.67%) | 2 (5.1%) |
40–49 years (n = 18) | 16 (88.89%) | 10 (55.56%) | 10 (55.56%) | 6 (33.33%) | 7 (17.9%) |
50–59 years (n = 25) | 18 (72%) | 21 (84%) | 16 (64.00%) | 8 (32%) | 6 (15.4%) |
60–69 years (n = 30) | 25 (83.33%) | 22 (73.33%) | 18 (60%) | 12 (40%) | 15 (38.5%) |
>70 years (n = 29) | 22 (75.86%) | 21 (72.41%) | 20 (68.97%) | 11 (37.93%) | 9 (23.1%) |
p = 0.08 | p = 0.02 | p = 0.29 | p = 0.24 | p = 0.02 |
Completed Studies | Number of Patients (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|
Primary school | 10 | 8.5% |
Middle school | 15 | 12.8% |
Trade school | 7 | 6% |
High school | 49 | 42% |
Vocational training | 8 | 6.8% |
University | 26 | 22.2% |
Postgraduate studies | 2 | 1.7% |
Total | 117 | 100% |
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Rus, M.; Crisan, S.; Andronie-Cioara, F.L.; Indries, M.; Marian, P.; Pobirci, O.L.; Ardelean, A.I. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health. Medicina 2023, 59, 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101711
Rus M, Crisan S, Andronie-Cioara FL, Indries M, Marian P, Pobirci OL, Ardelean AI. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health. Medicina. 2023; 59(10):1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101711
Chicago/Turabian StyleRus, Marius, Simina Crisan, Felicia Liana Andronie-Cioara, Mirela Indries, Paula Marian, Oana Lilliana Pobirci, and Adriana Ioana Ardelean. 2023. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health" Medicina 59, no. 10: 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101711
APA StyleRus, M., Crisan, S., Andronie-Cioara, F. L., Indries, M., Marian, P., Pobirci, O. L., & Ardelean, A. I. (2023). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective Study on Cardiovascular Health. Medicina, 59(10), 1711. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101711