Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Measles Incidence
2. Measles Virus: Transmission and Infectious Cycle
3. Measles Virus: Structural and Functional Aspects
3.1. Pathophysiology
3.2. Clinical Variants of Measles
3.2.1. Modified Measles
3.2.2. Atypical Measles
4. Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection and Host Immunity
4.1. Innate Immunity Response to Measles Infection
4.2. Overwhelming of Innate Immune Response by Measles
4.3. Innate Immunity Responses at the Cellular Level to the Measles Virus
4.4. Measles Virus Evading the Host’s Immunity Mechanisms
4.5. Infection and Host Immunity
5. Diagnosis
6. Clinical Presentation
Secondary Complications
Management Strategies for Secondary Outcomes
7. Management
7.1. Advances in the Administration of the Measles Vaccine
7.1.1. Measles Vaccination Schedule
7.1.2. Laboratory Diagnostic Possibilities for Measuring the Effectiveness of Measles Vaccination
8. Eradication: Goals and Progress
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WHO Region/Year (No. of Countries in Region) | % MCV1 Coverage | % Countries with ≥90% MCV1 Coverage | % MCV2 Coverage | % of Reporting Countries with <5 Measles Cases per 1 Million | No. of Reported Measles Cases | Measles Incidence per 1 Million | Estimated No. of Measles Cases (95% CI) | Estimated No. of Measles Deaths (95% CI) | Estimated % of Measles Mortality Reduction, 2000–2018 | Cumulative No. of Measles Deaths Averted by Vaccination, 2000–2018 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | ||||||||||
2000 (46) | 53 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 520,102 | 836 | 10,723,800 (7,718,000–17,119,100) | 345,600 (236,300–562,100) | 85 | 12,146,900 |
2018 (47) | 74 | 30 | 26 | 47 | 125,426 | 118 | 1,759,000 (1,141,200–6,002,100) | 52,600 (32,000–173,400) | ||
Americas | ||||||||||
2000 (35) | 93 | 63 | 65 | 89 | 1754 | 2 | 8770 (4400–35,100) | NA | NA | 97,100 |
2018 (35) | 90 | 57 | 82 | 91 | 16,327 | 24 | 83,500 (41,800–334,200) | |||
Eastern Mediterranean | ||||||||||
2000 (21) | 71 | 57 | 28 | 17 | 38,592 | 90 | 2,427,900 (1,503,800–3,892,900) | 37,900 (21,700–64,000) | −29 | 2,820,600 |
2018 (21) | 82 | 57 | 74 | 35 | 64,722 | 93 | 2,852,700 (2,293,700–4,265,200) | 49,000 (36,700–72,500) | ||
Europe | ||||||||||
2000 (52) | 91 | 62 | 48 | 45 | 37,421 | 50 | 860,176 (227,200–6,668,300) | 400 (100–2200) | 50 | 95,600 |
2018 (53) | 95 | 89 | 91 | 34 | 82,523 | 98 | 861,800 (71,100–6,480,300) | 200 (0–1800) | ||
South-East Asia | ||||||||||
2000 (10) | 63 | 30 | 3 | 0 | 78,558 | 51 | 11,411,900 (8,764,600–15,572,100) | 141,700 (100,100–199,600) | 72 | 6,825,400 |
2018 (11) | 89 | 82 | 80 | 36 | 34,741 | 18 | 3,803,800 (2,856,700–6,702,900) | 39,100 (24,800–76,000) | ||
Western Pacific | ||||||||||
2000 (27) | 85 | 48 | 2 | 30 | 177,052 | 105 | 2,786,500 (1,923,900–22,167,600) | 10,000 (5200–74,200) | 87 | 1,213,200 |
2018 (27) | 95 | 59 | 91 | 77 | 29,497 | 15 | 408,400 (42,500–16,753,800) | 1300 (100–2,786,500) | ||
Total | ||||||||||
2000 (191) | 72 | 45 | 18 | 38 | 853,479 | 145 | 28,219,100 (20,141,900–65,455,000) | 535,600 (363,400–901,700) | 73 | 23,198,800 |
2018 (194) | 86 | 61 | 69 | 54 | 353,236 | 49 | 9,769,400 (6,446,900–40,538,500) | 142,300 (93,600–387,900) |
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Rabaan, A.A.; Mutair, A.A.; Alhumaid, S.; Garout, M.; Alsubki, R.A.; Alshahrani, F.S.; Alfouzan, W.A.; Alestad, J.H.; Alsaleh, A.E.; Al-Mozaini, M.A.; et al. Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection. Medicina 2022, 58, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050680
Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Garout M, Alsubki RA, Alshahrani FS, Alfouzan WA, Alestad JH, Alsaleh AE, Al-Mozaini MA, et al. Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection. Medicina. 2022; 58(5):680. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050680
Chicago/Turabian StyleRabaan, Ali A., Abbas Al Mutair, Saad Alhumaid, Mohammed Garout, Roua A. Alsubki, Fatimah S. Alshahrani, Wadha A. Alfouzan, Jeehan H. Alestad, Abdullah E. Alsaleh, Maha A. Al-Mozaini, and et al. 2022. "Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection" Medicina 58, no. 5: 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050680
APA StyleRabaan, A. A., Mutair, A. A., Alhumaid, S., Garout, M., Alsubki, R. A., Alshahrani, F. S., Alfouzan, W. A., Alestad, J. H., Alsaleh, A. E., Al-Mozaini, M. A., Koritala, T., Alotaibi, S., Temsah, M. -H., Akbar, A., Ahmad, R., Khalid, Z., Muhammad, J., & Ahmed, N. (2022). Updates on Measles Incidence and Eradication: Emphasis on the Immunological Aspects of Measles Infection. Medicina, 58(5), 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050680