COVID-19 and Postural Control—A Stabilographic Study Using Rambling-Trembling Decomposition Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Stabilographic Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Course of COVID-19
3.2. Postural Control in Subjects Who Underwent COVID-19 versus Healthy Controls
3.3. Postural Control in Subjects with Olfactory Abnormalities
3.4. Postural Control in Subjects with Dyspnoea
3.5. Stabilographic Measurements and Other Symptoms of COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Yachou, Y.; El-Idrissi, A.; Belapasov, V.; Benali, S.A. Neuroinvasions, neurotropic, and neuroinflammatory events of SARS-CoV-2: Understanding the neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Neurol. Sci. 2020, 41, 2657–2669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lau, K.K.; Yu, W.C.; Chu, C.M.; Lau, S.T.; Sheng, B.; Yuen, K.Y. Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2004, 10, 342–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arbour, N.; Talbot, P.J. Persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1998, 440, 575–581. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Salarian, A.; Horak, F.B.; Zampieri, C.; Carlson-Kuhta, P.; Nutt, J.G.; Aminian, K. iTUG, a sensitive and reliable measure of mobility. IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 2010, 18, 303–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Asseman, F.B.; Caron, O.; Crémieux, J. Are there specific conditions for which expertise in gymnastics could have an effect on postural control and performance? Gait Posture 2008, 27, 76–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rzepko, M.; Drozd, S.; Żegleń, P.; Król, P.; Bajorek, W.; Czarny, W. The effect of training experience on postural control in competitive wrestlers. J. Hum. Kinet. 2019, 70, 39–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shin, S.; Milosevic, M.; Chung, C.M.; Lee, Y. Contractile properties of superficial skeletal muscles affect postural control in healthy young adults: A test of the rambling and trembling hypothesis. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0223850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zatsiorsky, V.M.; Duarte, M. Instant uquilibrium point and its migration in standing tasks: Rambling and trembling components of the stabilogram. Motor Control 1999, 3, 28–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Freitas, P.B.; Freitas, S.M.; Duarte, M.; Latash, M.L.; Zatsiorsky, V.M. Effects of joint immobilization on standing balance. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2009, 28, 515–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mochizuki, L.; Duarte, M.; Amadio, A.C.; Zatsiorsky, V.M.; Latash, M.L. Changes in postural sway and its fractions in conditions of postural instability. J. Appl. Biomech. 2006, 22, 51–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferronato, P.A.M.; Barela, J.A. Age-related changes in postural control: Rambling and trembling trajectories. Motor Control 2011, 15, 481–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Richman, J.S.; Randall Moorman, J.; Randall, J.; Physi, M. Physiological time-series analysis using approximate entropy and sample entropy. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 2000, 278, 2039–2049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Singal, C.M.S.; Jaiswal, P.; Seth, P. SARS-CoV-2, more than a respiratory virus: Its potential role in neuropathogenesis. ACS Cehm. Neurosci. 2020, 11, 1887–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, F.; Kream, R.M.; Stefano, G.B. Long-term respiratory and neurological sequelae of COVID-19. Med. Sci. Monit. 2020, 26, e928996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koyuncu, O.O.; Hogue, I.B.; Enquist, L.W. Virus infections in the nervous system. Cell Host. Microbe. 2013, 13, 379–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McCray, P.B., Jr.; Pewe, L.; Wohlford-Lenane, C.; Hickey, M.; Manzel, L.; Shi, L.; Netland, J.; Jia, H.P.; Halabi, C.; Sigmund, C.D.; et al. Lethal infection of K18-hACE2 mice infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 2007, 81, 813–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bilinska, K.; Jakubowska, P.; Von Bartheld, C.S.; Butowt, R. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in cells of the olfactory epithelium: Identification of cell types and trends with age. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2020, 11, 1555–1562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abassi, Z.; Knaney, Y.; Karram, T.; Heyman, S.N. The lung macrophage in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A friend or a foe? Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 1312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lukiw, W.J.; Pogue, A.; Hill, J.M. SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and neurological targets in the brain. Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 2020, 42, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Von Bernhardi, R. Glial cell dysregulation: A new perspective on Alzheimer disease. Neurotox. Res. 2007, 12, 215–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van den Pol, A.N. Viral infections in the developing and mature brain. Trends Neurosci. 2006, 29, 398–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deleidi, M.; Hallett, P.J.; Koprich, J.B.; Chung, C.Y.; Isacson, O. The Toll-like receptor-3 agonist polyinosinic: Polycytidylic acid triggers nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration. J. Neurosci. 2020, 30, 16091–16101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chung, C.Y.; Koprich, J.B.; Siddiqi, H.; Isacson, O. Dynamic changes in presynaptic and axonal transport proteins combined with striatal neuroinflammation precede dopaminergic neuronal loss in a rat model of AAV alpha-synucleinopathy. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29, 3365–3373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Centonze, D.; Muzio, L.; Rossi, S.; Cavasinni, F.; De Chiara, V.; Bergami, A.; Musella, A.; D’Amelio, M.; Cavallucci, V.; Martorana, A.; et al. Inflammation triggers synaptic alterations and degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J. Neurosci. 2009, 29, 3442–3452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Heneka, M.T.; Carson, M.J.; El Khoury, J.; Landreth, G.E.; Brosseron, F.; Feinstein, D.L.; Jacobs, A.H.; Wyss-Coray, T.; Vitorica, J.; Ransohoff, R.M.; et al. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015, 14, 388–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zanin, L.; Saraceno, G.; Panciani, P.P.; Renisi, G.; Signorini, L.; Migliorati, K.; Fontanella, M.M. SARS-CoV-2 can induce brain and spine demyelinating lesions. Acta Neurochir. 2020, 162, 1491–1494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palao, M.; Fernández-Díaz, E.; Gracia-Gil, J.; Romero-Sánchez, C.M.; Díaz-Maroto, I.; Segura, T. Multiple sclerosis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2020, 45, 102377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mori, I. Transolfactory neuroinvasion by viruses threatens the human brain. Acta Virol. 2015, 59, 338–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ikeda, K.; Kawakami, K.; Onimaru, H.; Okada, Y.; Yokota, S.; Koshiya, N.; Oku, Y.; Iizuka, M.; Koizumi, H. The respiratory control mechanisms in the brainstem and spinal cord: Integrative views of the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. J. Physiol. Sci. 2017, 67, 45–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bennett, B.C.; Abel, M.F.; Granata, K.P. Seated postural control in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine 2004, 29, E449–E454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sosnoff, J.J.; Shin, S.; Motl, R.W. Multiple sclerosis and postural control: The role of spasticity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2010, 91, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Słomka, K.; Juras, G.; Sobota, G.; Bacik, B. The reliability of a rambling–trembling analysis of center of pressure measures. Gait Posture 2012, 37, 210–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Degani, A.M.; Leonard, C.T.; Danna-dos-Santos, A. The effects of early stages of aging on postural sway: A multiple domain balance assessment using a force platform. J. Biomech. 2017, 64, 8–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duarte, M.; Sternad, D. Complexity of human postural control in young and older adults during prolonged standing. Exp. Brain Res. 2008, 191, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borg, F.G.; Laxaback, G. Entropy of balance—Some recent results. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2010, 7, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, J.; Habtemariam, D.; Iloputaife, I.; Lipsitz, L.A.; Manor, B. The complexity of standing postural sway associates with future falls in community-dwelling older adults: The MOBILIZE Boston study. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 2924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Subjects Who Underwent COVID-19 n = 33 | Healthy Controls n = 35 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, years | |||
| 40.0 ± 12.8 (22–71) | 38.9 ± 14.4 (21–61) | 0.7 |
| 39 | 35 | |
Gender, n (%) | |||
| 6 | 9 | 0.45 |
| 27 | 26 | |
Height, cm | |||
| 167.1 ± 6.8 (152–180) | 167.4 ± 8.6 (155–190) | 0.75 |
| 168 | 165 | |
Weight, kg | |||
| 68.6 ± 16.4 (45–121) | 68.4 ± 16.3 (46–110) | 0.99 |
| 62 | 65 | |
Symptoms of COVID-19, n (%) | - | - | |
| 26 (78.8) | ||
| 24 (72.7) | ||
| 21 (63.6) | ||
| 21 (63.6) | ||
| 16 (48.5) | ||
| 16 (48.5) | ||
| 13 (39.4) | ||
| 11 (33.3) | ||
| 10 (30.3) | ||
| 10 (30.3) | ||
| 8 (24.2) | ||
| 6 (18.2) | ||
| 6 (18.2) | ||
| 1 (3.0) | ||
| 0 (0) |
Sagittal Plane (AP) | Frontal Plane (ML) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 with Respiratory Problems n = 6 | COVID-19 without Respiratory Problems n = 27 | COVID-19 with Respiratory Problems n = 6 | COVID-19 without Respiratory Problems n = 27 | |||||
Parameter | Median (Min–Max) | Median (Min–Max) | p | Effect Size | Median (Min–Max) | Median (Min–Max) | p | Effect Size |
Entropy COP | 0.09 (0.04–0.17) | 0.07 (0.04–0.13) | 0.234 | 0.432 | 0.09 (0.05–0.16) | 0.06 (0.04–0.11) | 0.098 | 0.612 |
raCOP, cm | 2.15 (1.21–2.99) | 1.77 (1.05–3.29) | 0.234 | 0.432 | 1.68 (0.79–2.90) | 1.68 (0.69–3.11) | 0.981 | 0.016 |
rmsCOP, cm | 0.38 (0.23–0.62) | 0.38 (0.21–065) | 0.797 | 0.098 | 0.33 (0.15–0.51) | 0.34 (0.15–0.59) | 0.944 | 0.033 |
lenCOP, cm | 27.49 (18.24–37.32) | 19.03 (15.56–35.40) | 0.042 * | 0.766 | 19.98 (15.67–29.14) | 17.35 (8.94–29.9) | 0.216 | 0.450 |
vCOP, cm/s | 0.93 (0.62–1.26) | 0.64 (0.53–1.20) | 0.042 * | 0.766 | 0.68 (0.53–0.99) | 0.59 (0.30–1.02) | 0.216 | 0.450 |
raRAMB, cm | 1.99 (1.15–2.71) | 1.69 (1.06–3.11) | 0.363 | 0.329 | 1.54 (0.79–2.49) | 1.61 (0.67–2.97) | 0.981 | 0.016 |
rmsRAMB, cm | 0.37 (0.22–0.57) | 0.37 (0.21–0.64) | 0.981 | 0.016 | 0.31 (0.15–0.47) | 0.33 (0.14–0.56) | 0.907 | 0.049 |
lenRAMB, cm | 23.43 (17.02–31.21) | 17.70 (14.60–30.65) | 0.038 * | 0.786 | 17.47 (14.81–26.13) | 16.46 (8.16–26.18) | 0.253 | 0.415 |
vRAMB, cm/s | 0.79 (0.58–1.06) | 0.60 (0.49–1.04) | 0.038 * | 0.786 | 0.59 (0.50–0.89) | 0.56 (0.28–0.89) | 0.253 | 0.415 |
raTREMB, cm | 0.59 (0.21–1.21) | 0.26 (0.12–0.87) | 0.030 * | 0.826 | 0.47 (0.18–0.56) | 0.28 (0.08–0.66) | 0.169 | 0.503 |
rmsTREMB, cm | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 0.02 (0.01–0.08) | 0.038 * | 0.786 | 0.04 (0.01 -0.05) | 0.02 (0.00–0.06) | 0.129 | 0.557 |
lenTREMB, cm | 9.77 (4.33–16.17) | 4.86 (2.57–14.52) | 0.042 * | 0.766 | 5.39 (2.89–7.85) | 3.75 (1.46–9.34) | 0.141 | 0.539 |
vTREMB, cm/s | 0.33 (0.15–0.55) | 0.16 (0.09–0.49) | 0.042 * | 0.766 | 0.18 (0.10–0.27) | 0.13 (0.05–0.32) | 0.141 | 0.539 |
Sagittal Plane (AP) | Frontal Plane (ML) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
COVID-19 with Respiratory Problems n = 6 | COVID-19 without Respiratory Problems n = 27 | COVID-19 with Respiratory Problems n = 6 | COVID-19 without Respiratory Problems n = 27 | |||||
Parameter | Median (Min–Max) | Median (Min–Max) | p | Effect Size | Median (Min–Max) | Median (Min–Max) | p | Effect Size |
Entropy COP | 0.12 (0.05–0.17) | 0.07 (0.03–0.13) | 0.038 * | 0.786 | 0.08 (0.05–0.18) | 0.07 (0.03–0.14) | 0.591 | 0.196 |
raCOP, cm | 3.23 (2.24–4.32) | 2.35 (1.20–4.85) | 0.053 | 0.726 | 2.79 (1.37–4.00) | 2.22 (0.74–4.08) | 0.316 | 0.363 |
rmsCOP, cm | 0.61 (0.43–0.84) | 0.46 (0.23–0.90) | 0.141 | 0.539 | 0.56 (0.23–0.72) | 0.44 (0.15–0.80) | 0.316 | 0.363 |
lenCOP, cm | 51.69 (29.41–62.82) | 26.75 (19.53–50.30) | 0.001 * | 1.383 | 27.67 (20.11–62.02) | 24.42 (10.79–45.93) | 0.072 | 0.668 |
vCOP, cm/s | 1.75 (1.00–2.13) | 0.91 (0.66–1.70) | 0.001 * | 1.383 | 0.94 (0.68–2.10) | 0.83 (0.37–1.56) | 0.072 | 0.668 |
raRAMB, cm | 2.79 (2.12–3.79) | 2.22 (1.14–5.25) | 0.118 | 0.575 | 2.43 (1.27–3.45) | 2.04 (0.71–3.95) | 0.469 | 0.262 |
rmsRAMB, cm | 0.57 (0.39–0.78) | 0.45 (0.21–0.90) | 0.155 | 0.521 | 0.53 (0.20–0.67) | 0.41 (0.14–0.76) | 0.363 | 0.329 |
lenRAMB, cm | 41.70 (25.07–45.69) | 24.42 (17.82–38.70) | 0.001 * | 1.354 | 23.47 (18.24–49.60) | 21.86 (9.69–37.99) | 0.129 | 0.557 |
vRAMB, cm/s | 1.41 (0.85–1.55) | 0.83 (0.60–1.31) | 0.001 * | 1.354 | 0.80 (0.62–1.68) | 0.74 (0.33–1.29) | 0.129 | 0.557 |
raTREMB, cm | 1.25 0.77–1.74) | 0.47 (0.20–2.31) | 0.002 * | 1.271 | 0.76 (0.32–1.30) | 0.43 (0.09–1.69) | 0.047 * | 0.746 |
rmsTREMB, cm | 0.11 (0.06–0.20) | 0.04 (0.01–0.21) | 0.002 * | 1.271 | 0.07 (0.02–0.14) | 0.03 (0.00–0.18) | 0.042 * | 0.766 |
lenTREMB, cm | 23.53 (10.05–35.43) | 7.92 (3.75–30.06) | 0.002 * | 1.298 | 9.28 (5.51–27.90) | 6.52 (1.77–24.01) | 0.053 | 0.726 |
vTREMB, cm/s | 0.80 (0.34–1.20) | 0.27 (0.13–1.02) | 0.002 * | 1.298 | 0.31 (0.19–0.95) | 0.22 (0.06–0.81) | 0.053 | 0.726 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Żychowska, M.; Jaworecka, K.; Mazur, E.; Słomka, K.; Marszałek, W.; Rzepko, M.; Czarny, W.; Reich, A. COVID-19 and Postural Control—A Stabilographic Study Using Rambling-Trembling Decomposition Method. Medicina 2022, 58, 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020305
Żychowska M, Jaworecka K, Mazur E, Słomka K, Marszałek W, Rzepko M, Czarny W, Reich A. COVID-19 and Postural Control—A Stabilographic Study Using Rambling-Trembling Decomposition Method. Medicina. 2022; 58(2):305. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020305
Chicago/Turabian StyleŻychowska, Magdalena, Kamila Jaworecka, Ewelina Mazur, Kajetan Słomka, Wojciech Marszałek, Marian Rzepko, Wojciech Czarny, and Adam Reich. 2022. "COVID-19 and Postural Control—A Stabilographic Study Using Rambling-Trembling Decomposition Method" Medicina 58, no. 2: 305. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020305