Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia in Young Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Laboratory Analyses
2.3. Evaluation of Kidney Function
2.4. Evaluation of Microvascular Complications
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of the Cohort
3.2. Dyslipidemia and Microvascular Complications
3.3. GFR and Kidney Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Gender/Total | Median (Range), Total Cohort | Age Groups | p-Value (Comparing Children vs. Adults | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median (Range) in Children (<18 Years) | Median (Range) in Adults (≥18 Years) | ||||
BMI Z-score | Males | 0.23 (−3.66;4.34) | 0.32 (−3.66;4.34) | 0.07 (−1.91;3.16) | NS |
Females | 0.36 (−3.96;2.97) | 0.36 (−3.96;2.8) | 0.37 (−1.87;2.97) | NS | |
Total | 0.29 (−3.96;4.34) | 0.34 (−3.96;4.34) | 0.29 (−1.91;3.16) | NS | |
WtHR | Males | 0.44 (0.36;0.8) | 0.44 (0.38;0.8) | 0.44 (0.36;0.61) | NS |
Females | 0.45 (0.25;0.63) | 0.44 (0.25;0.59) | 0.45 0.37;0.63) | NS | |
Total | 0.44 (0.25;0.8) | 0.44 (0.25;0.8) | 0.45 (0.36;0.63) | NS | |
HbA1c, % mmol/mol | Males | 7.8 (5.2;14.8) a 61.7 (33.3;138.3) | 7.8 (5.3;14.8) b 61.7 (34.4;138.3) | 7.9 (5.2;14.1) 62.8 (33.3;138.3) | 0.047 |
Females | 8.3 (5.4;19.9) a 67.2 (35.5;194) | 8.3 (5.5;19.9) b 67.2 (35.5;194) | 8.3 (5.4;14.1) 67.2 (25.5;194) | NS | |
Total | 8 (5.2;19.9) 63.9 (33.3;194) | 8 (5.3;19.9) 63.9 (34.4;194) | 8.2 (5.2;14.1) 66.1 (33.3;130.6) | NS | |
Serum creatinine, μmol/L * | Males | 70 (7;126) a | 62 (7;107) b | 80 (35;113) c | <0.001 |
Females | 59 (6;111) a | 58 (6;94) b | 64 (36;111) c | <0.001 | |
Total | 63 (6;126) | 59 (6;107) | 70 (35;113) | <0.001 | |
Serum cystatine C, mg/L | Males | 0.84 (0.08;1.71) a | 0.85 (0.54;1.27) b | 0.82 (0.08;1.71) c | NS |
Females | 0.78 (0.33;1.19) a | 0.80 (0.33;1.11) b | 0.76 (0.52;1.19) c | 0.004 | |
Total | 0.81 (0.08;1.71) | 0.83 (0.33;1.27) | 0.79 (0.08;1.71) | 0.008 | |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | Males | 4.6 (1.9;8.9) a | 4.7 (1.9;8.9) b | 4.6 (2.9;7.9) c | NS |
Females | 4.9 (2.5;9.3) a | 4.9 (3.1;8.5) b | 5.0 (2.5;9.3) c | NS | |
Total | 4.8 (1.9;9.3) | 4.8 (1.9;8.9) | 4.7 (2.5;9.3) | NS | |
LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | Males | 2.6 (0.5;5.8) a | 2.5 (0.5;5.8) b | 2.6 (1.3;5.7) c | NS |
Females | 2.8 (0.8;6.5) a | 2.8 (1.1;6.1) b | 2.8 (0.8;6.5) c | NS | |
Total | 2.7 (0.5;6.5) | 2.7 (0.5;6.1) | 2.7 (0.8;6.5) | NS | |
HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | Males | 1.4 (0.6;2.7) a | 1.4 (0.8;2.7) | 1.3 (0.6;2.3) c | <0.001 |
Females | 1.5 (0.3;2.6) a | 1.5 (0.6;2.6) | 1.5 (0.3;2.6) c | NS | |
Total | 1.4 (0.3;2.7) | 1.5 (0.6;2.7) | 1.4 (0.3;2.6) | 0.012 | |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | Males | 0.7 (0.1;5.3) a | 0.7 (0.1;5.3) b | 0.9 (0.2;5.3) | <0.001 |
Females | 0.8 (0.3;5.1) a | 0.8 (0.3;5.1) b | 0.9 (0.3;3.3) | NS | |
Total | 0.8 (0.1;5.3) | 0.7 (0.1;5.3) | 0.9 (0.2;5.3) | <0.001 | |
AER, mg/24 h | Males | 7.5 (0.06;787) | 7 (1;787) | 9 (0.06;533) | NS |
Females | 6.8 (0.08;667) | 5.6 (0.5;180) | 9 (0.08;667) | <0.001 | |
Total | 7.2 (0.06;787) | 6 (0.5;787) | 9 (0.06;667) | <0.001 | |
eGFRcreat, ml/min/1.73 m2 | Males | 96 (51;194) a | 92 (51;169) b | 121 (68;194) | <0.001 |
Females | 104 (59;154) a | 98 (64;151) b | 115 (59;154) | <0.001 | |
Total | 101 (51;194) | 96 (51;169) | 118 (58;194) | <0.001 | |
eGFRcys, ml/min/1.73 m2 | Males | 89 (57;160) a | 83 (57;125) b | 118 (58;160) | <0.001 |
Females | 95 (64;201) a | 88 (64;201) b | 117 (66;146) | <0.001 | |
Total | 92 (57;201) | 85 (57;201) | 117 (58;160) | <0.001 |
Gender/Total | Frequency | Diabetes Duration | p-Value (Comparing Diabetes Duration Groups) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<5 Years | ≥5 Years | ||||
Retinopathy, % (n) | Males | 5 (19) a | 0 | 10.4 (19) | <0.001 |
Females | 12.8 (51) a | 1.7 (3) | 21.7 (48) | <0.001 | |
Total | 9 (70) | 0.8 (3) | 16.6 (37) | <0.001 | |
Neuropathy, % (n) | Males | 8.9 (33) | 2.6 (5) | 16.1 (28) | <0.001 |
Females | 12.6 (49) | 2.3 (4) | 21.2 (45) | <0.001 | |
Total | 10.8 (82) | 2.4 (9) | 18.9 (73) | <0.001 | |
Elevated AER, % (n) | Males | 13.2 (50) | 13.7 (27) | 12.6 (23) | NS |
Females | 13.8 (55) | 10.1 (18) | 16.7 (37) | NS | |
Total | 13.5 (105) | 12 (45) | 14.9 (60) | NS | |
Dyslipidemia, % (n) | Males | 60.3 (229) | 56.3 (111) | 64.5 (118) | NS |
Females | 66.2 (264) | 61.8 (110) | 69.7 (154) | NS | |
Total | 63.3 (493) | 58.9 (221) | 67.3 (272) | 0.015 | |
Obesity, % (n) | Males | 3.7 (14) | 4.7 (9) | 2.7 (5) | NS |
Females | 3.5 (14) | 3.4 (6) | 3.6 (8) | NS | |
Total | 3.6 (28) | 4.1 (15) | 3.2 (13) | NS |
Duration of Diabetes, Years | BMI Z-Score | WtHR | HbA1c, % | Cystatin C, mg/L | Creatinine, μmol/L | AER, mg/24 h | Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | LDL, mmol/L | HDL, mmol/L | Triglycerides, mmol/L | eGFRcreat, ml/min/1.73 m2 | eGFRcys ml/min/1.73 m2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duration ofdiabetes, years | 1.00 | 0.052 | −0.006 | 0.301 *** | −0.035 | 0.288 *** | 0.139 *** | 0.089 * | 0.085 * | −0.057 | 0.241 *** | 0.148 *** | 0.239 *** |
BMI Z-score | 1.00 | 0.661 *** | 0.033 | 0.006 | 0.056 | 0.035 | 0.07 | 0.09 * | −0.044 | 0.089 * | −0.062 | −0.019 | |
WtHR | 1.00 | 0.084 * | −0.096 * | −0.131 *** | −0.043 | 0.119 ** | 0.108 ** | −0.028 | 0.154 *** | 0.035 | 0.084 * | ||
HbA1c, % | 1.00 | −0.088 * | −0.049 | 0.067 | 0.227 *** | 0.211 *** | −0.083 * | 0.418 *** | 0.145 *** | 0.108 ** | |||
Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.00 | 0.228 *** | 0.011 | −0.036 | −0.001 | −0.097 ** | 0.05 | −0.234 *** | −0.805 *** | ||||
Creatinine, μmol/L | 1.00 | 0.131 *** | −0.111 ** | −0.053 | −0.217 *** | 0.149 *** | −0.447 *** | 0.023 | |||||
AER, mg/24 h | 1.00 | 0.024 | 0.04 | −0.036 | 0.108 ** | 0.072 | 0.063 | ||||||
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.00 | 0.857 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.351 *** | 0.062 | 0.017 | |||||||
LDL, mmol/L | 1.00 | 0.003 | 0.368 *** | 0.033 | −0.010 | ||||||||
HDL, mmol/L | 1.00 | −0.228 *** | 0.000 | −0.002 | |||||||||
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.00 | 0.092 * | 0.052 | ||||||||||
eGFRcreat, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1.00 | 0.455 *** | |||||||||||
eGFRcys, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1.00 |
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Stankute, I.; Radzeviciene, L.; Monstaviciene, A.; Dobrovolskiene, R.; Danyte, E.; Verkauskiene, R. Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia in Young Type 1 Diabetes Patients. Medicina 2022, 58, 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020218
Stankute I, Radzeviciene L, Monstaviciene A, Dobrovolskiene R, Danyte E, Verkauskiene R. Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia in Young Type 1 Diabetes Patients. Medicina. 2022; 58(2):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020218
Chicago/Turabian StyleStankute, Ingrida, Lina Radzeviciene, Ausra Monstaviciene, Rimante Dobrovolskiene, Evalda Danyte, and Rasa Verkauskiene. 2022. "Serum Cystatin C as a Biomarker for Early Diabetic Kidney Disease and Dyslipidemia in Young Type 1 Diabetes Patients" Medicina 58, no. 2: 218. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58020218