Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Epidemiology of Participants
3.2. Basic Physiological Data of the Participants
3.3. Laboratory Variables of the Participants
3.4. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Positive Patients
3.5. Association of Cardiovascular Risk in HIV Therapy
3.6. Analysis of the Lipid Profile Association with HAART Drugs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographics | Total n = 200 | Group-1 n = 45 | Group-2 n = 155 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 200 (100%) | 45 (22.5%) | 155 (77.5%) | |
Age (yr) ± SD | 32.9 ± 8.2 | 30.5 ± 7.6 | 33.6 ± 8.2 | 0.024 * | |
20–30 | 81 (40.5%) | 24 (53.3%) | 57 (36.8%) | 0.134 | |
31–40 | 94 (47.0%) | 17 (37.8%) | 77 (49.7%) | ||
≧41 | 25 (12.5%) | 4 (8.9%) | 21 (13.5%) | ||
Marital status | No | 190 (95.0%) | 44 (97.8%) | 146 (94.2%) | 0.331 |
Yes | 10 (5.0%) | 1 (2.2%) | 9 (5.8%) | ||
Education | High school | 68 (34.0%) | 15 (33.3%) | 53 (34.2%) | 0.915 |
College | 132 (66.0%) | 30 (66.7%) | 102 (65.8%) | ||
Occupation | Full-time | 155 (77.5%) | 32 (71.1%) | 123 (79.4%) | 0.379 |
Part-time | 21 (10.5%) | 5 (11.1%) | 16 (10.3%) | ||
Jobless | 24 (12.0%) | 8 (17.8%) | 16 (10.3%) | ||
Student | No | 181 (90.5%) | 37 (82.2%) | 144 (92.9%) | 0.031 * |
Yes | 19 (9.5%) | 8 (17.8%) | 11 (7.1%) | ||
Smoking | No | 102 (51.0) | 20 (44.4) | 82 (52.9) | 0.159 |
Quit | 23 (11.5) | 3 (6.7) | 20 (12.9) | ||
Yes | 75 (37.5) | 22 (48.9) | 53 (34.2) | ||
Drinking | No | 82 (41.0) | 15 (33.3) | 67 (43.2) | 0.421 |
Quit | 32 (16.0) | 7 (15.6) | 25 (16.1) | ||
Yes | 86 (42.0) | 23 (51.1) | 63 (40.6) | ||
Regular exercise | No | 108 (54.0) | 24 (53.3) | 84 (54.2) | 0.919 |
Yes | 92 (46.0) | 21 (46.7) | 71 (45.8) |
Variables | Total n = 200 | Group-1 n = 45 | Group-2 n = 155 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean waist circumference | (cm) | 80.9 ± 6.1 | 80.3 ± 10.2 | 81.1 ± 10.0 | 0.635 |
Mean height | (cm) | 171.8 ± 6.1 | 172.3 ± 4.7 | 171.6 ± 6.5 | 0.427 |
Mean weight | (kg) | 67.5 ± 12.6 | 68.7 ± 13.0 | 67.2 ± 12.5 | 0.502 |
BMI | ≤17 | 12 (6.0%) | 3 (6.7%) | 9 (5.8%) | 0.903 |
18–24 | 125 (62.5%) | 29 (64.4%) | 96 (61.9%) | ||
≧25 | 63 (31.5%) | 13 (28.9%) | 50 (32.3%) | ||
Mean BMI | 22.8 ± 3.8 | 23.1 ± 4.3 | 22.7 ± 3.7 | 0.539 | |
Systolic blood pressure | ≤130 mmHg | 146 (73.0%) | 31 (68.9%) | 115 (74.2%) | 0.480 |
≧131 mmHg | 54 (27.0%) | 14 (31.1%) | 40 (25.8%) | ||
Mean SBP | (mmHg) | 122.4 ± 17.8 | 122.4 ± 14.3 | 122.3 ± 13.6 | 0.980 |
Diastolic blood pressure | ≤80 mmHg | 122 (61.0%) | 25 (55.6%) | 97 (62.6%) | 0.395 |
≧81 mmHg | 78 (39.0%) | 20 (44.4%) | 58 (37.4%) | ||
Mean DBP | (mmHg) | 78.7 ± 10.0 | 79.0 ± 10.7 | 78.6 ± 9.8 | 0.839 |
Mean heartbeat | (beat/min) | 82.5 ± 12.2 | 84.8 ± 12.0 | 81.8 ± 12.3 | 0.148 |
Variables | Total | Group-1 | Group-2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TG median | mg/dL 95% C.I. | 108.5 (69.8, 165.3) | 92.0 (67.0, 132.5) | 115.0 (70.0, 181.0) | 0.078 |
TG level (n = 198) | ≤150 mg/dL | 135 (68.2%) | 38 (84.4%) | 97 (63.4%) | 0.008 * |
≧151 mg/dL | 63 (31.8%) | 7 (15.6%) | 56 (36.6%) | ||
CHO median | mg/dL 95% C.I. | 164.0 (140. 8185.0) | 167.0 (143.5, 186.0) | 164.0 (140.0, 184.0) | 0.892 |
CHO level (n = 198) | ≤200 mg/dL | 169 (85.4%) | 39 (86.7%) | 130 (85.0%) | 0.777 |
≧201 mg/dL | 29 (14.6%) | 6 (13.3%) | 23 (15.0%) | ||
HDL median | mg/dL 95% C.I. | 38.4 (31.8, 45.2) | 34.3 (28.6, 39.8) | 39.8 (32.5, 47.1) | 0.005 * |
HDL level (n = 196) | <39 mg/dL | 111 (56.6%) | 33 (76.7%) | 78 (51.0%) | 0.003 * |
≧40 mg/dL | 85 (43.4%) | 10 (23.3%) | 75 (49.0%) | ||
LDL median | mg/dL 95% C.I. | 96.0 (79.3, 116.0) | 101.0 (78.0, 127.0) | 93.0 (79.5, 114.0) | 0.074 |
LDL level (n = 196) | ≤100 mg/dL | 114 (58.2%) | 20 (46.5%) | 94 (61.4%) | 0.080 |
≧101 mg/dL | 82 (41.8%) | 23 (53.5%) | 59 (38.6%) | ||
Glucose median (n = 196) | mg/dL 95% C.I. | 98 (73,325) | 97 (77,135) | 99 (73,325) | 0.471 |
CD4+ median | Cells/mm3 95% C.I. | 472.5 (342.0, 633.8) | 442.0 (338.5, 601.0) | 479.0 (351.0, 642.0) | 0.391 |
CD4+ level | <200 cells/mm3 | 15 (7.5%) | 2 (4.4%) | 13 (8.4%) | |
200–500 cells/mm3 | 96 (48.0%) | 26 (57.8%) | 70 (45.2%) | 0.291 | |
>500 cells/mm3 | 89 (44.5%) | 17 (37.8%) | 72 (46.5%) | ||
VL median | Copies/mL | 22.0 | 20,535.0 | 20 | 0.000 * |
95% C.I. | (20. 9156) | (7813, 50,567) | (20, 96) | 0.000 * | |
VL level | ≤20 copies/mL | 98 (49.0%) | 0 | 98 (63.2%) | |
21–1000 copies/mL | 36 (18.0%) | 4 (8.9%) | 32 (20.6%) | ||
>1000 copies/mL | 66 (33.0%) | 41 (91.1%) | 25 (16.1%) |
Range of Age | Group-1 | MetS | % | Group-2 | MetS | % | p Value | Total (G-1 + G-2) | MetS | % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20–30 | 24 | 2 | 8% | 57 | 15 | 26% | 0.0810 | 81 | 17 | 21% |
31–40 | 15 | 5 | 33% | 78 | 20 | 26% | 0.5373 | 93 | 25 | 27% |
41–50 | 3 | 1 | 33% | 14 | 7 | 50% | 1.0000 | 17 | 8 | 47% |
>50 | 2 | 0 | 0% | 6 | 6 | 100% | 0.0357 * | 8 | 6 | 75% |
Total | 44 | 8 | 18% | 155 | 48 | 31% | 0.1281 | 199 | 56 | 28% |
Items | Total | Group-1 (±SD) | Group-2 (±SD) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Numbers | 196 | 42 | 154 | |
FRS (%) | 4.53 | 4.70 (±4.20) | 3.87 (±5.92) | 0.3956 |
Age (mean) | 32.9 | 29.95 (±7.18) | 33.70 (±8.32) | 0.0084 * |
Heart age/vascular age (mean) | 38 | 36.00 (±12.14) | 38.00 (±13.80) | 0.3946 |
Variable | (I) Drug | (J) Drug | Average Difference (I-J) | SE | Sig. | 95% C.I. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | High | |||||||
TG | Tukey HSD (TG) | PIs | NNRTIs | 41.202 * | 13.953 | 0.010 * | 8.17 | 74.23 |
InSTIs | 52.636 * | 21.118 | 0.036 * | 2.64 | 102.63 | |||
NNRTIs | PIs | −41.202 * | 13.953 | 0.010 * | −74.23 | −8.17 | ||
InSTIs | 11.434 | 20.772 | 0.846 | −37.74 | 60.60 | |||
InSTIs | PIs | −52.636 * | 21.118 | 0.036 * | −102.63 | −2.64 | ||
NNRTIs | −11.434 | 20.772 | 0.846 | −60.60 | 37.74 | |||
Tukey HSD (CHO) | PIs | NNRTIs | 5.361 | 6.001 | 0.645 | −8.85 | 19.57 | |
InSTIs | 16.834 | 9.083 | 0.156 | −4.67 | 38.33 | |||
NNRTIs | PIs | −5.361 | 6.001 | 0.645 | −19.57 | 8.85 | ||
InSTIs | 11.473 | 8.933 | 0.406 | −9.67 | 32.62 | |||
InSTIs | PIs | −16.834 | 9.083 | 0.156 | −38.33 | 4.67 | ||
NNRTIs | −11.473 | 8.933 | 0.406 | −32.62 | 9.67 | |||
CHO | Tukey HSD (HDL) | PIs | NNRTIs | −1.898 | 1.841 | 0.559 | −6.26 | 2.46 |
InSTIs | 2.063 | 2.787 | 0.740 | −4.53 | 8.66 | |||
NNRTIs | PIs | 1.898 | 1.841 | 0.559 | −2.46 | 6.26 | ||
InSTIs | 3.961 | 2.741 | 0.321 | −2.53 | 10.45 | |||
InSTIs | PIs | −2.063 | 2.787 | 0.740 | −8.66 | 4.53 | ||
NNRTIs | −3.961 | 2.741 | 0.321 | −10.45 | 2.53 | |||
Tukey HSD (LDL) | PIs | NNRTIs | 3.823 | 5.124 | 0.736 | −8.31 | 15.95 | |
InSTIs | 11.296 | 7.755 | 0.315 | −7.06 | 29.65 | |||
NNRTIs | PIs | −3.823 | 5.124 | 0.736 | −15.95 | 8.31 | ||
InSTIs | 7.474 | 7.628 | 0.591 | −10.58 | 25.53 | |||
InSTIs | PIs | −11.296 | 7.755 | 0.315 | −29.65 | 7.06 | ||
NNRTIs | −7.474 | 7.628 | 0.591 | −25.53 | 10.58 |
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Lu, W.-L.; Lee, Y.-T.; Sheu, G.-T. Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy. Medicina 2021, 57, 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060578
Lu W-L, Lee Y-T, Sheu G-T. Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy. Medicina. 2021; 57(6):578. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060578
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Win-Long, Yuan-Ti Lee, and Gwo-Tarng Sheu. 2021. "Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence and Cardiovascular Risk Assessment in HIV-Positive Men with and without Antiretroviral Therapy" Medicina 57, no. 6: 578. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57060578