Comparison of Anti-Microbial Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation and Microwave Diathermy on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria in an In Vitro Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains
2.2. Laser Parameters
2.3. Microwave Diathermy Parameters
2.4. Experimental Procedure
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Organisms | Origin | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated (Cfu/mL) | ||||||||
Control (cfu/mL) | Laser Group | Microwave | ||||||
Energy | No Treatment | 13 J/cm2 | 18 J/cm2 | 30 J/cm2 | 25 W | 50 W | 100 W | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | R | 269.15 ± 3.02 (812.8–89.1) | 251.19 ± 3.48 (871–72.4) | 295.12 ± 3.39 (1000–87) | 281.84 ± 3.39 (977.2–81.3) | 316.23 ± 3.39 (1071.5–93.3) | 323.6 ± 3.16 (1023.3–102.3) | 338.84 ± 3.16 (1023.3–977.2) |
E. coli (ATCC 25922) | R | 309.03 ± 3.02 (933.3–102.3) | 302 ± 3.55 (1071.5–85.1) | 295.12 ± 3.63 (1071.5–81.3) | 281.84 ± 0.57 (1047.1–85.1) | 281.84 ± 3.72 (1096.5–104.7) | 338.84 ± 3.24 (1096.5–104.7) | 316.23 ± 3.39 (1071.5–93.3) |
Pseudomonas sp. | C | 309.03 ± 3.16 (977.2–97.7) | 346.74 ± 3.72 (1288.3–93.3) | 354.8 ± 3.47 (1230.3–10.2) | 354.8 ± 3.31 (1174.9–10.7) | 281.84 ± 3.31 (933.3–85.1) | 281.84 ± 3.89 (1096.5–72.4) | 275.42 ± 3.89 (1071.5–70.8) |
Salmonella typhi | C | 295.12 ± 2.88 (851.1–102.3) | 288.4 ± 3.31 (955–87.1) | 288.4 ± 3.31 (955–87.1) | 281.84 ± 3.31 (933.3–85.1) | 288.4 ± 3.39 (955–87.1) | 275.43 ± 3.39 (933.3–81.3) | 269.15 ± 3.39 (912–79.4) |
Klebsiella pneumonae | C | 316.23 ± 2.82 (891.3–112.2) | 338.8 ± 3.39 (1148.2–100) | 338.84 ± 3.31 (1122–102.3) | 346.74 ± 3.16 (1096.5–109.7) | 363.08 ± 3.09 (1122–117.5) | 354.81 ± 3.16 (1122–112.2) | 346.74 ± 3.16 (1096.5–109.7) |
Shigella sp. | C | 281.84 ± 3.02 (851.14–93.3) | 316.23 ± 3.47 (1047.1–91.2) | 309.03 ± 3.47 (1071.5–89.1) | 288.4 ± 3.72 (1071.5–77.6) | 354.81 ± 2.69 (955–131.8) | 354.81 ± 2.69 (955–131.8) | 323.59 ± 3.02 (977.2–107.2) |
Escherichia coli | C | 316.23 ± 2.95 (933.3–107.2) | 295.12 ± 3.46 (1023.2–85.1) | 316.2 ± 3.47 (1096.5–91.2) | 281.84 ± 3.63 (1023.3–77.63) | 281.84 ± 3.80 (1071.5–74.1) | 275.42 ± 3.89 (1071.5–70.8) | 263.03 ± 4.07 (1071.5–64.6) |
Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | R | 302 ± 2.69 (812.8–112.2) | 234.42 ± 2.88 (676.08–81.28) | 208.93 ± 2.82 (588.8–74.13) | 173.78 ± 2.88 (501.2–60.3) | 371.53 ± 2.46 (1148.2– 151.4) | 354.81 ± 2.51 (912–141.3) | 338.84 ± 2.57 (871–131.8) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | R | 302 ± 2.95 (891.3–102.3) | 302 ± 3.47 (1023.3–85.1) | 281.84 ± 3.63 (1023.3–77.6) | 208.93 ± 4.07 (851.1–51.3) | 295.12 ± 3.47 (1023.3–85.1) | 281.84 ± 3.63 (1023.3–77.6) | 251.19 ± 4.17 (1047.1–60.3) |
Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615) | R | 302 ± 3.09 (933.3–97.7) | 295.12 ± 3.55 (1047.1–83.2) | 288.4 ± 3.63 (1047.1–79.4) | 275.42 ± 3.8 (1047.1–72.4) | 257.04 ± 4.37 (1122–58.9) | 239.88 ± 5.62 (1174.9–38) | 213.8 ± 5.62 (1202.26–38) |
Staphylococcus aureus | C | 323.59 ± 2.95 (954.99–109.7) | 380.19 ± 3.09 (1174.9–123.03) | 371.54 ± 3.09 (1148.2–120.2) | 363.08 ± 3.16 (1148.2–114.8) | 407.38 ± 2.69 (1096.48–151.4) | 398.11 ± 2.69 (1071.52–147.9) | 398.11 ± 2.69 (1071.52–147.9) |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | C | 309.02 ± 2.95 (912.01–104.7) | 302 ± 3.39 (1023.3–89.13) | 251.19 ± 3.55 (891.3–70.8) | 186.21 ± 3.31 (616.6–56.2) | 288.4 ± 3.47 (1000–287.9) | 275.42 ± 3.63 (1000–75.9) | 263.03 ± 3.89 (1023.29–1.8) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | C | 316.23 ± 2.88 (912–109.7) | 295.12 ± 3.47 (1023.3–85.1) | 281.84 ± 3.55 (1000–79.4) | 234.44 ± 3.88 (891.3–61.7) | 281.84 ± 3.63 (1023.3–77) | 263.03 ± 3.63 (1023.3–70.8) | 245.47 ± 4.27 (1047.1–57.5) |
Organisms | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treated (cfu/mL) | ||||||
Laser Group (R Value) | Microwave | |||||
Energy | 13 J | 18 J | 30 J | 25 W | 50 W | 100 W |
Gram-negative strains | ||||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | −0.94 * (LE) | +0.97 (LE) | +0.89 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +1 (LE) |
E. coli (ATCC 25922) | −0.73 * (ME) | −0.90 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) | −0.97 * (LE) | +0.98 (LE) | +0.75 (ME) |
Pseudomonas sp. | +0.98 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | −0.97 * (LE) | −0.97 * (LE) | −0.98 * (LE) |
Salmonella typhi | −0.74 * (ME) | −0.74 * (ME) | −0.91 * (LE) | −0.73 * (ME) | −0.95 * (LE) | −0.97 * (LE) |
Klebsiella pneumonae | +0.96 (LE) | +0.97 (LE) | +0.98 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +0.98 (LE) |
Shigella sp. | +0.98 (LE) | +0.97 (LE) | +0.70 (LE) | +1 (LE) | +1 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) |
Escherichia coli | −0.96 * (LE) | −0.01 * (TE) | −0.98 * (LE) | −0.98 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) |
Gram-positive strains | ||||||
Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) | −1 * (LE) | +0.92 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) | +1 (LE) | +1 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC 12228) | 0 (TE) | −0.95 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) | −0.73 * (ME) | −0.95 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) |
Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 19615) | −0.72 * (ME) | −0.90 * (LE) | −0.97 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) | −0.9 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) |
Staphylococcus aureus | +0.99 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +0.99 (LE) | +1 (LE) | +1 (LE) | +1 (LE) |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | −0.74 * (ME) | −0.99 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) | −0.96 * (LE) | −0.98 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | −0.96 * (LE) | −0.98 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) | −0.98 * (LE) | −0.99 * (LE) | −1 * (LE) |
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Dixit, S.; Ahmad, I.; Hakami, A.; Gular, K.; Tedla, J.S.; Abohashrh, M. Comparison of Anti-Microbial Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation and Microwave Diathermy on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria in an In Vitro Model. Medicina 2019, 55, 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070330
Dixit S, Ahmad I, Hakami A, Gular K, Tedla JS, Abohashrh M. Comparison of Anti-Microbial Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation and Microwave Diathermy on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria in an In Vitro Model. Medicina. 2019; 55(7):330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070330
Chicago/Turabian StyleDixit, Snehil, Irfan Ahmad, Abdulrahim Hakami, Kumar Gular, Jaya Shanker Tedla, and Mohammed Abohashrh. 2019. "Comparison of Anti-Microbial Effects of Low-Level Laser Irradiation and Microwave Diathermy on Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria in an In Vitro Model" Medicina 55, no. 7: 330. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070330