Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support and School Social Capital on the Academic Success of 11–19-Year-Old Students Using Distance Learning
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Participants and Setting
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Academic Success
2.3.2. Social Capital
2.3.3. Psychological Well-Being
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Academic Success Outcomes Indicators | Grades | Mean (SD) | Stjudent t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average grades (native and foreign languages, math and history) | 5–8 grades | 7.88 (1.42) | 5.102 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 7.51 (1.31) | |||
Perceived academic outcomes | 5–8 grades | 3.61 (0.95) | 5.262 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 3.35 (0.97) | |||
The importance of being good at learning | 5–8 grades | 3.23 (0.80) | 1.583 | 0.114 |
9–12 grades | 3.17 (0.80) | |||
Learning motivation | 5–8 grades | 3.06 (1.14) | 4.371 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 2.81 (1.09) | |||
Satisfaction with distance learning | 5–8 grades | 3.44 (1.04) | 6.999 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 3.04 (1.12) | |||
Learning satisfaction | 5–8 grades | 2.68 (0.76) | 4.155 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 2.52 (0.75) | |||
Workload perception | 5–8 grades | 2.75 (0.82) | 4.660 | <0.001 |
9–12 grades | 2.54 (0.85) |
Academic Success Outcomes Indicators | Gender | Mean (SD) | Stjudent t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average grade (native and foreign languages, math, and history) | Girls | 7.95 (1.28) | 7.996 | <0.001 |
Boys | 7.36 (1.44) | |||
Perceived academic outcomes | Girls | 3.53 (0.96) | 2.409 | 0.016 |
Boys | 3.41 (0.98) | |||
The importance of being good at learning | Girls | 3.32 (0.77) | 6.303 | <0.001 |
Boys | 3.05 (0.83) | |||
Learning motivation | Girls | 2.90 (1.14) | −1.331 | 0.183 |
Boys | 2.98 (1.09) | |||
Satisfaction with distance learning | Girls | 3.21 (1.05) | −1.384 | 0.166 |
Boys | 3.29 (1.16) | |||
Learning satisfaction | Girls | 2.57 (0.74) | −1.870 | 0.062 |
Boys | 2.64 (0.78) | |||
Workload perception | Girls | 2.59 (0.85) | −3.124 | 0.002 |
Boys | 2.72 (0.82) |
Social Capital Indicators | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Social network (number of friends) | 0.308 ** | 0.264 ** | 0.193 ** | 0.175 ** | 0.421 ** | 0.281 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.243 ** | 0.262 ** | 0.146 ** | 0.211 ** | 0.194 ** | 0.123 ** | 0.205 ** | 0.396 ** |
2. Communication with friends (Live) | 1 | 0.289 ** | 0.136 ** | 0.088 ** | 0.243 ** | 0.158 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.143 ** | 0.154 ** | 0.077 ** | 0.114 ** | 0.092 ** | 0.071 ** | 0.150 ** | 0.272 ** |
3. Communication with friends (Online) | 1 | 0.125 ** | 0.157 ** | 0.307 ** | 0.116 ** | 0.177 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.173 ** | 0.087 ** | 0.142 ** | 0.115 ** | 0.069 ** | 0.168 ** | 0.314 ** | |
4. Relationship with parents | 1 | 0.518 ** | 0.409 ** | 0.309 ** | 0.244 ** | 0.226 ** | 0.226 ** | 0.247 ** | 0.339 ** | .0315 ** | 0.221 ** | 0.544 ** | 0.260 ** | ||
5. Relationship with teachers | 1 | 0.490 ** | 0.395 ** | 0.313 ** | 0.413 ** | 0.288 ** | 0.380 ** | 0.444 ** | 0.489 ** | 0.343 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.314 ** | |||
6. Relationship with peers | 1 | 0.357 ** | 0.406 ** | 0.334 ** | 0.413 ** | 0.201 ** | 0.299 ** | 0.277 ** | 0.195 ** | 0.332 ** | 0.514 ** | ||||
7. School trust (general) | 1 | 0.551 ** | 0.637 ** | 0.532 ** | 0.485 ** | 0.488 ** | 0.496 ** | 0.366 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.444 ** | |||||
8. Reciprocity at school | 1 | 0.633 ** | 0.700 ** | 0.293 ** | 0.326 ** | 0.349 ** | 0.242 ** | 0.305 ** | 0.492 ** | ||||||
9. Vertical school trust | 1 | 0.633 ** | 0.391 ** | 0.404 ** | 0.478 ** | 0.323 ** | 0.314 ** | 0.440 ** | |||||||
10. Horizontal school trust | 1 | 0.270 ** | 0.334 ** | 0.338 ** | 0.237 ** | 0.296 ** | 0.476 ** | ||||||||
11. Support from school administration | 1 | 0.618 ** | 0.690 ** | 0.650 ** | 0.358 ** | 0.352 ** | |||||||||
12. Support from class mentors | 1 | 0.745 ** | 0.541 ** | 0.556 ** | 0.475 ** | ||||||||||
13. Support from teachers | 1 | 0.621 ** | 0.498 ** | 0.458 ** | |||||||||||
14. Support from school specialists | 1 | 0.367 ** | 0.349 ** | ||||||||||||
15. Support from parents | 1 | 0.475 ** | |||||||||||||
16. Support from classmates | 1 |
Academic Success Outcomes Indicators | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Average grade | 0.533 ** | 0.321 ** | 0.134 ** | 0.126 ** | 0.377 ** | 0.195 ** |
2. Perceived academic outcomes | 1 | 0.339 ** | 0.437 ** | 0.325 ** | 0.632 ** | 0.318 ** |
3. The importance of being good at learning | 1 | 0.419 ** | 0.097 ** | 0.332 ** | 0.097 ** | |
4. Learning motivation | 1 | 0.173 ** | 0.373 ** | 0.305 ** | ||
5. Satisfaction with distance learning | 1 | 0.272 ** | 0.242 ** | |||
6. Learning satisfaction | 1 | 0.319 ** | ||||
7. Workload perception | 1 |
Indicators of School Social Capital | Average Grades(Native and Foreign Languages, Math and History) | Perceived Academic Outcomes | The Importance of Being Good at Learning | Learning Motivation | Satisfaction with Distance Learning | Learning Satisfaction | Workload Perception | Psychological Well-Being |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Covariates | Std. Beta | |||||||
Gender (boys) | −0.197 *** | −0.038 | −0.166 *** | 0.038 | 0.053 * | 0.066 ** | 0.070 ** | 0.199 *** |
Age | −0.173 *** | −0.113 *** | −0.051 * | −0.107 *** | −0.143 ** | −0.113 *** | −0.117 *** | −0.087 *** |
ΔR2 (for covariates) | 0.08 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.02 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.07 *** |
Social capital indicators | ||||||||
Number of friends (Social network) | 0.080 ** | 0.031 | 0.049 | −0.034 | −0.034 | −0.013 | 0.045 | 0.063 * |
Communication with friends (Live) | −0.080 ** | −0.012 | 0.016 | 0.039 | −0.042 | −0.049 | −0.017 | 0.085 ** |
Communication with friends (Online) | 0.140 *** | 0.075 ** | 0.069 ** | 0.004 | 0.100 *** | 0.098 *** | 0.024 | −0.022 |
Relationship with parents | −0.105 ** | 0.088 ** | 0.020 | 0.095 ** | 0.100 ** | 0.058 | 0.033 | 0.184 *** |
Relationship with teachers | 0.236 *** | 0.439 *** | 0.209 *** | 0.323 *** | 0.116 ** | 0.272 *** | 0.181 *** | 0.085 ** |
Relationship with peers | 0.024 | 0.038 | 0.014 | 0.013 | 0.008 | 0.048 | −0.028 | 0.039 |
School trust (general) | 0.029 | −0.023 | 0.024 | −0.041 | −0.072 | 0.051 | −0.009 | 0.082 * |
Reciprocity at school | 0.017 | −0.006 | 0.010 | −0.005 | 0.034 | 0.016 | 0.076 * | −0.033 |
Vertical school trust | −0.161 *** | −0.086 * | −0.016 | 0.082 * | −0.008 | −0.066 | 0.022 | 0.081 * |
Horizontal school trust | −0.015 | 0.006 | 0.022 | 0.051 | −0.005 | 0.003 | −0.046 | 0.015 |
Support from school administration | −0.062 | −0.015 | 0.032 | 0.071 * | −0.023 | −0.041 | 0.006 | 0.135 *** |
Support from class mentors | 0.029 | 0.034 | 0.071 | −0.028 | 0.033 | 0.039 | −0.055 | −0.041 |
Support from teachers | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.076 | 0.132 ** | 0.061 | 0.096 * | 0.149 ** | 0.044 |
Support from school specialists | −0.026 | 0.001 | −0.088 ** | −0.059 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.006 | −0.007 |
Support from parents | 0.086 * | 0.038 | 0.102 ** | 0.020 | −0.044 | 0.007 | −0.020 | −0.025 |
Support from classmates | 0.102 ** | 0.049 | −0.052 | −0.025 | 0.025 | 0.036 | 0.042 | 0.011 |
ΔR2 (for social capital) | 0.12 *** | 0.30 *** | 0.16 *** | 0.25 *** | 0.070* | 0.20 *** | 0.10 *** | 0.20 *** |
Academic Success | Indirect Effects of Social Support for DLO via PWB | Indirect Effects of School Social Capital for DLO via PWB | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect effect | CSIE | Indirect effect | CSIE | |||||
β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | |
Average grade | −0.05 | [−0.081–−0.014] | −0.03 | [−0.049–0.010] | −0.05 | [−0.090–−0.018] | −0.03 | [−0.050–−0.010] |
Perceived academic outcomes | 0.06 | [0.033–0.085] | 0.05 | [0.027–0.068] | 0.06 | [0.033–0.085] | 0.05 | [0.027–0.068] |
The importance of being good at learning | 0.04 | [0.019–0.057] | 0.04 | [0.020–0.061] | 0.04 | [0.024–0.066] | 0.04 | [0.023–0.064] |
Learning motivation | 0.15 | [0.111–0.183] | 0.11 | [0.086–0.139] | 0.16 | [0.125–0.205] | 0.11 | [0.089–0.143] |
Satisfaction with distance learning | 0.04 | [0.013–0.066] | 0.03 | [0.010–0.051] | 0.05 | [0.021–0.080] | 0.04 | [0.015–0.057] |
Learning satisfaction | 0.06 | [0.042–0.082] | 0.07 | [0.047–0.091] | 0.07 | [0.048–0.093] | 0.07 | [0.050–0.096] |
Workload perception | 0.08 | [0.056–0.101] | 0.08 | [0.057–0.102] | 0.09 | [0.061–0.111] | 0.08 | [0.057–0.102] |
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Mieziene, B.; Emeljanovas, A.; Jusiene, R.; Breidokiene, R.; Girdzijauskiene, S.; Sabaliauskas, S.; Buzaityte-Kasalyniene, J.; Budiene, V.; Eiliakaite, I.; Speicyte-Ruschhoff, E.; et al. Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support and School Social Capital on the Academic Success of 11–19-Year-Old Students Using Distance Learning. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042131
Mieziene B, Emeljanovas A, Jusiene R, Breidokiene R, Girdzijauskiene S, Sabaliauskas S, Buzaityte-Kasalyniene J, Budiene V, Eiliakaite I, Speicyte-Ruschhoff E, et al. Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support and School Social Capital on the Academic Success of 11–19-Year-Old Students Using Distance Learning. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042131
Chicago/Turabian StyleMieziene, Brigita, Arunas Emeljanovas, Roma Jusiene, Rima Breidokiene, Sigita Girdzijauskiene, Stanislav Sabaliauskas, Jolita Buzaityte-Kasalyniene, Virginija Budiene, Indre Eiliakaite, Erika Speicyte-Ruschhoff, and et al. 2022. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support and School Social Capital on the Academic Success of 11–19-Year-Old Students Using Distance Learning" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042131
APA StyleMieziene, B., Emeljanovas, A., Jusiene, R., Breidokiene, R., Girdzijauskiene, S., Sabaliauskas, S., Buzaityte-Kasalyniene, J., Budiene, V., Eiliakaite, I., Speicyte-Ruschhoff, E., Babkovskiene, E., Zvirdauskas, D., & Kawachi, I. (2022). Direct and Indirect Effects of Social Support and School Social Capital on the Academic Success of 11–19-Year-Old Students Using Distance Learning. Sustainability, 14(4), 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042131