The Quality of Life among University of the Third Age Students in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Literature Review
1.2. Institutional Background
1.3. New Opportunities for Active Ageing
1.4. Purpose of the Study
- -
- Do the seniors in newly established U3As differ in the assessment of the classes in which they participate in comparison to students in Poland, where U3As have been operating much longer?
- -
- Can satisfaction with classes be mediated by socio-demographic variables, such as age, gender, economic status, and education?
- -
- Does the country of residence differentiate the U3A students in terms of their perceived quality of life?
- -
- Do students differ from one country to another with regard to the components of the overall quality of life and, if yes, which components differ?
2. Method
- Perceived Stress Scale (PSS10) (Authors: S. Cohen, T. Kamarcki, R. Mermelstein) [52]. This scale contains 10 questions relating to feelings connected with personal problems and events, behaviours, and methods of coping. This tool measures (5-point scale: Never–Always) the stress felt by adults concerning their own life situation [53]; Example of an item:
- General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). This scale (4-point: No–Yes) comprises 10 statements relating to the individual’s general conviction of his or her efficacy in coping with difficult situations and obstacles [54]. Example of an item:
- Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) (Authors: Ed Diener, Robert A. Emmons, Randy J. Larson, Sharon Griffin). This scale (7-point: I definitely do not agree–I definitely agree) comprises 5 statements, resulting in a general indicator of the feeling of satisfaction with life [55]. Example of an item:
- The authors wanted to combine all test results in order to create a Global Life Quality Scale (GLQ) that would be the most general representation of the satisfaction with life of the individual. In order to do so, scores were converted into standard ten scores and summed up, forming a GLQ scale.
- The response rate of the participants was 100%. Out of 515 distributed sets of tests, 515 were gathered. After coding, the gathered data were analysed in order to explore the missing data and the questionnaires with incomplete qualitative data, which were not included in the analysis. Missing data from the tests were less than 5% and were, therefore, substituted using the median imputation method.
3. Results
Satisfaction with Courses and Socio-Demographic Factors—Exploratory Statistics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Implications and Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age (n) | Education (n) | Income (n) | Satisfaction (n) | Gender (n) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>60 | 61–70 | 70< | VS | HS | U | Poor | Stable | Sat. | Unsat. | M | F | |
PL | 9 | 207 | 18 | 16 | 82 | 4 | 57 | 177 | 10 | 224 | 23 | 211 |
UKR | 22 | 147 | 9 | 11 | 25 | 13 | 80 | 98 | 11 | 167 | 19 | 159 |
BLR | 18 | 77 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 86 | 72 | 31 | 8 | 95 | 7 | 96 |
Sum | 49 | 431 | 35 | 31 | 120 | 103 | 209 | 306 | 29 | 486 | 49 | 466 |
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |||||||
PL | 2.91 | 1.05 | 3.51 | 0.62 | 3.68 | 1.60 | ||||||
UKR | 2.63 | 1.10 | 3.74 | 0.57 | 3.04 | 1.50 | ||||||
BLR | 2.54 | 1.20 | 3.80 | 0.49 | 2.25 | 1.44 |
Country (n) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Poland | Ukraine | Belarus | Total | |
Satisfied | 10 | 11 | 8 | 29 |
Unsatisfied | 224 | 167 | 95 | 486 |
Sum | 234 | 178 | 103 | 515 |
Poland | Ukraine | Belarus | Overall | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sten | 1–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 | 1–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 | 1–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 | 1–4 | 5–6 | 7–10 |
PSS10 | 25% | 41% | 34% | 23% | 49% | 28% | 33% | 38% | 29% | 31% | 43% | 26% |
GSES | 14% | 60% | 26% | 33% | 25% | 29% | 29% | 44% | 27% | 26% | 50% | 24% |
SWLS | 23% | 39% | 38% | 45% | 20% | 31% | 31% | 42% | 27% | 29% | 42% | 29% |
GLQ | 25% | 44% | 31% | 35% | 43% | 22% | 26% | 51% | 23% | 29% | 45% | 26% |
Scale | Country | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poland | Ukraine | Belarus | General | p | |||||||||
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||
PSS10 | 234 | 21.59 | 4.21 | 178 | 21.61 | 3.29 | 103 | 21.24 | 4.09 | 515 | 21.50 | 3.88 | 0.721 |
GSES | 234 | 28.73 | 3.80 | 178 | 27.49 | 5.17 | 103 | 27.88 | 4.38 | 515 | 28.10 | 4.46 | 0.017 |
SWLS | 234 | 22.33 | 5.21 | 178 | 19.78 | 4.82 | 103 | 20.53 | 5.59 | 515 | 21.10 | 5.28 | <0.001 |
GLQ | 234 | 17.20 | 3.78 | 178 | 15.70 | 3.89 | 103 | 16.3 | 4.08 | 515 | 16.50 | 3.93 | <0.001 |
Gender | Age | Income | Education | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | >60 | 61–70 | 70< | Poor | Stable | VS | HS | UNI | ||
PL | Sat. | 1 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 4 |
Unsat. | 22 | 202 | 9 | 198 | 17 | 55 | 169 | 15 | 77 | 132 | |
UKR | Sat. | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
Unsat. | 19 | 148 | 22 | 136 | 9 | 73 | 94 | 10 | 25 | 132 | |
BLR | Sat. | 0 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
Unsat. | 7 | 88 | 18 | 69 | 8 | 70 | 25 | 4 | 13 | 78 |
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Kobylarek, A.; Błaszczyński, K.; Ślósarz, L.; Madej, M.; Carmo, A.; Hlad, Ľ.; Králik, R.; Akimjak, A.; Judák, V.; Maturkanič, P.; Biryukova, Y.; Tokárová, B.; Martin, J.G.; Petrikovičová, L. The Quality of Life among University of the Third Age Students in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042049
Kobylarek A, Błaszczyński K, Ślósarz L, Madej M, Carmo A, Hlad Ľ, Králik R, Akimjak A, Judák V, Maturkanič P, Biryukova Y, Tokárová B, Martin JG, Petrikovičová L. The Quality of Life among University of the Third Age Students in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. Sustainability. 2022; 14(4):2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042049
Chicago/Turabian StyleKobylarek, Aleksander, Kamil Błaszczyński, Luba Ślósarz, Martyna Madej, Antonio Carmo, Ľubomír Hlad, Roman Králik, Amantius Akimjak, Viliam Judák, Patrik Maturkanič, Yulia Biryukova, Barbora Tokárová, Jose Garcia Martin, and Lucia Petrikovičová. 2022. "The Quality of Life among University of the Third Age Students in Poland, Ukraine and Belarus" Sustainability 14, no. 4: 2049. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042049