Could Fingolimod Combined with Bevacizumab Be a New Hope in Glioblastoma Treatment?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Culture of C6 Cells
2.3. Preparation and Applications of Drugs to C6 Cells
2.4. MTT Colorimetric Assay
2.5. Annexin V–FITC Staining
2.6. Caspase-3/7 Activity Analysis
2.7. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Analysis
2.8. Colony Formation Assay
2.9. Migration Assay
2.10. Evaluation of Morphological Changes
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. MTT Assay
3.2. Annexin V–FITC Analysis
3.3. Caspase-3/7 Staining
3.4. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Measurement
3.5. Colony Formation Assay Results
3.6. Migration Assay Results
3.7. Fluorescent Microscopy Findings
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BBB | Blood–brain barrier |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
GBM | Glioblastoma grade IV |
MAPK | Mitogen-activated protein kinase |
mTOR | Mammalian target of rapamycin |
PD-L1 | Programmed death ligand-1 |
VEGF | Vascular endothelial growth factor |
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Groups | Contents | Final Concentration |
---|---|---|
Group 1 (Control) | None | - |
Group 2 | Treated with bevacizumab | 0.06 µM |
Group 3 | Treated with fingolimod | 8.27 µM |
Group 4 | Treated with bevacizumab + fingolimod | 0.06 µM + 8.27 µM |
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Baloglu, M.; Vejselova Sezer, C.; Izgördü, H.; Yilmaz, I.; Kutlu, H.M. Could Fingolimod Combined with Bevacizumab Be a New Hope in Glioblastoma Treatment? Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47, 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060394
Baloglu M, Vejselova Sezer C, Izgördü H, Yilmaz I, Kutlu HM. Could Fingolimod Combined with Bevacizumab Be a New Hope in Glioblastoma Treatment? Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2025; 47(6):394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060394
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaloglu, Murat, Canan Vejselova Sezer, Hüseyin Izgördü, Ibrahim Yilmaz, and Hatice Mehtap Kutlu. 2025. "Could Fingolimod Combined with Bevacizumab Be a New Hope in Glioblastoma Treatment?" Current Issues in Molecular Biology 47, no. 6: 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060394
APA StyleBaloglu, M., Vejselova Sezer, C., Izgördü, H., Yilmaz, I., & Kutlu, H. M. (2025). Could Fingolimod Combined with Bevacizumab Be a New Hope in Glioblastoma Treatment? Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 47(6), 394. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47060394