Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph9020020
Alkanediamide-Linked Bisbenzamidines Are Promising Antiparasitic Agents
Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde 1
, Annie Mayence 1, Madhusoodanan Mottamal 2,3, Cyrus J. Bacchi 4, Nigel Yarlett 5, Marcel Kaiser 6, Reto Brun 6 and Tien L. Huang 1,2,*
, Annie Mayence 1, Madhusoodanan Mottamal 2,3, Cyrus J. Bacchi 4, Nigel Yarlett 5, Marcel Kaiser 6, Reto Brun 6 and Tien L. Huang 1,2,*
1
College of Pharmacy, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
2
RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
3
Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
4
Haskins Laboratories and Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Pace University, 1 Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, USA
5
Haskins Laboratories and Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace University, 1 Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, USA
6
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel CH-4002, Switzerland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: Suzanne Peyrottes
Received: 11 February 2016 / Revised: 8 April 2016 / Accepted: 13 April 2016 / Published: 19 April 2016
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 1st International Electronic Conference on Medicinal Chemistry)
Abstract
A series of 15 alkanediamide-linked bisbenzamidines and related analogs was synthesized and tested in vitro against two Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) subspecies: T.b. brucei and T.b. rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani and two Plasmodium falciparum subspecies: a chloroquine-sensitive strain (NF54) and a chloroquine-resistant strain (K1). The in vitro cytotoxicity was determined against rat myoblast cells (L6). Seven compounds (5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15) showed high potency against both strains of T. brucei and P. falciparum with the inhibitory concentrations for 50% (IC50) in the nanomolar range (IC50 = 1–96 nM). None of the tested derivatives was significantly active against T. cruzi or L. donovani. Three of the more potent compounds (5, 6, 11) were evaluated in vivo in mice infected with the drug-sensitive (Lab 110 EATRO and KETRI 2002) or drug-resistant (KETRI 2538 and KETRI 1992) clinical isolates of T. brucei. Compounds 5 and 6 were highly effective in curing mice infected with the drug-sensitive strains, including a drug-resistant strain KETRI 2538, but were ineffective against KETRI 1992. Thermal melting of DNA and molecular modeling studies indicate AT-rich DNA sequences as possible binding sites for these compounds. Several of the tested compounds are suitable leads for the development of improved antiparasitic agents. View Full-Text
Graphical abstract
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
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Vanden Eynde, J.J.; Mayence, A.; Mottamal, M.; Bacchi, C.J.; Yarlett, N.; Kaiser, M.; Brun, R.; Huang, T.L. Alkanediamide-Linked Bisbenzamidines Are Promising Antiparasitic Agents. Pharmaceuticals 2016, 9, 20.
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