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Pharmaceuticals
Volume 19
Issue 7
10.3390/ph19071065
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Solvent-Dependent Metabolomic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of the Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea from the Adriatic Sea

by
Ines Kovačić
1,
Iris Peričić
1,
Mariana Jurica
1,
Neven Iveša
1,
Smiljana Goreta Ban
2,3,
Nikola Major
2,3,
Josipa Bilić
4 and
Gioconda Millotti
1,*
1
Faculty for Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, 52100 Pula, Croatia
2
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Carlo Hugues 8, 52440 Porec, Croatia
3
The Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
4
METRIS Research Centre, Istrian University of Applied Sciences, Preradovićeva 9D, 52100 Pula, Croatia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(7), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19071065
Submission received: 2 June 2026 / Revised: 1 July 2026 / Accepted: 8 July 2026 / Published: 10 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Widely distributed in the Adriatic Sea, the invasive green alga Caulerpa cylindracea poses ecological risks but also constitutes a largely untapped source of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize its metabolomic profile, phenolic composition, and antioxidant capacity to explore its potential for biotechnological use. Methods: Samples from the Northern Adriatic Sea were extracted with water, 70% ethanol, and 80% methanol. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by LC-QqQ, while untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed using LC-qTOF. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and non-flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Results: Metabolomic profiling demonstrated a clear solvent-dependent differentiation, with aqueous extracts enriched in polar metabolites, while organic extracts contained higher levels of lipid-derived and secondary metabolites. Antioxidant assays indicated that aqueous extracts exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS), whereas the highest reducing capacity (FRAP) was observed in ethanolic extracts. In addition, total flavonoid content was greatest in the ethanol extracts. Conclusions: These results highlight its potential for valorization as a sustainable resource in food, cosmetic, and biomedical applications, while also supporting approaches for managing its spread.
Keywords: green algae; non-indigenous species; bioactive metabolites; phytochemical profiling; radical-scavenging activity green algae; non-indigenous species; bioactive metabolites; phytochemical profiling; radical-scavenging activity

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kovačić, I.; Peričić, I.; Jurica, M.; Iveša, N.; Ban, S.G.; Major, N.; Bilić, J.; Millotti, G. Solvent-Dependent Metabolomic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of the Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea from the Adriatic Sea. Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19, 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19071065

AMA Style

Kovačić I, Peričić I, Jurica M, Iveša N, Ban SG, Major N, Bilić J, Millotti G. Solvent-Dependent Metabolomic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of the Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea from the Adriatic Sea. Pharmaceuticals. 2026; 19(7):1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19071065

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kovačić, Ines, Iris Peričić, Mariana Jurica, Neven Iveša, Smiljana Goreta Ban, Nikola Major, Josipa Bilić, and Gioconda Millotti. 2026. "Solvent-Dependent Metabolomic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of the Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea from the Adriatic Sea" Pharmaceuticals 19, no. 7: 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19071065

APA Style

Kovačić, I., Peričić, I., Jurica, M., Iveša, N., Ban, S. G., Major, N., Bilić, J., & Millotti, G. (2026). Solvent-Dependent Metabolomic Profiles and Antioxidant Properties of the Invasive Seaweed Caulerpa cylindracea from the Adriatic Sea. Pharmaceuticals, 19(7), 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19071065

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