RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925

Badr, Moutaz Y.; Basim, Pratap; Hosny, Khaled M.; Rizg, Waleed Y.; Naveen, N. Raghavendra; Kurakula, Mallesh; Alsulaimani, Fayez; Safhi, Awaji Y.; Sabei, Fahad Y.; Alissa, Mohammed; Alamoudi, Abdulmohsin J.

doi:10.3390/ph19040599

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925

by

Moutaz Y. Badr

¹

,

Pratap Basim

²

,

Khaled M. Hosny

^3,*,

Waleed Y. Rizg

^3,4

,

N. Raghavendra Naveen

⁵,

Mallesh Kurakula

^6,*

,

Fayez Alsulaimani

⁷

,

Awaji Y. Safhi

⁸

,

Fahad Y. Sabei

⁸

,

Mohammed Alissa

⁹

and

Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi

¹⁰

¹

Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia

²

ThermoFisher Scientific, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA

³

Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁴

Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine (CIPM), 3D Bioprinting Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁵

Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B.G Nagara, Karnataka 571448, India

⁶

CURE Pharmaceutical, Oxnard, CA 93033, USA

⁷

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁸

Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia

⁹

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia

¹⁰

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(4), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040599

Submission received: 29 December 2025 / Accepted: 10 February 2026 / Published: 8 April 2026

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Technology)

Download Versions Notes

The journal retracts the article cited above, titled “Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation” [1].

Following publication, concerns were brought to the attention of the Editorial Office regarding the integrity of a number of images presented in the publication.

Adhering to standard procedure, the Editorial Office and Editorial Board conducted an investigation that confirmed a duplication of Figure 3B in this publication [1] and Figure 3B in a previous publication [2], presenting different experimental conditions. While the authors collaborated in this process, raw material meeting the journal’s requirements for original images could not be provided for Editorial Board Evaluation. As a result, the Editorial Board has lost confidence in the reliability of the findings and has decided to retract this publication, as per MDPI’s retraction policy (https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark30 (accessed on 28 December 2025)).

This retraction was approved by the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Pharmaceuticals.

The authors do not agree to the retraction.

References

Badr, M.Y.; Basim, P.; Hosny, K.M.; Rizg, W.Y.; Naveen, N.R.; Kurakula, M.; Alsulaimani, F.; Safhi, A.Y.; Sabei, F.Y.; Alissa, M.; et al. RETRACTED: Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Kurakula, M.; El-Helw, A.; Sobahi, T.R.; Abdelaal, M.Y. Chitosan based atorvastatin nanocrystals: Effect of cationic charge on particle size, formulation stability, and in-vivo efficacy. Int. J. Nanomed. 2015, 10, 321–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

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MDPI and ACS Style

Badr, M.Y.; Basim, P.; Hosny, K.M.; Rizg, W.Y.; Naveen, N.R.; Kurakula, M.; Alsulaimani, F.; Safhi, A.Y.; Sabei, F.Y.; Alissa, M.; et al. RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925. Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040599

AMA Style

Badr MY, Basim P, Hosny KM, Rizg WY, Naveen NR, Kurakula M, Alsulaimani F, Safhi AY, Sabei FY, Alissa M, et al. RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925. Pharmaceuticals. 2026; 19(4):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040599

Chicago/Turabian Style

Badr, Moutaz Y., Pratap Basim, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, N. Raghavendra Naveen, Mallesh Kurakula, Fayez Alsulaimani, Awaji Y. Safhi, Fahad Y. Sabei, Mohammed Alissa, and et al. 2026. "RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925" Pharmaceuticals 19, no. 4: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040599

APA Style

Badr, M. Y., Basim, P., Hosny, K. M., Rizg, W. Y., Naveen, N. R., Kurakula, M., Alsulaimani, F., Safhi, A. Y., Sabei, F. Y., Alissa, M., & Alamoudi, A. J. (2026). RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925. Pharmaceuticals, 19(4), 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040599

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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RETRACTED: Badr et al. Design and Evaluation of S-Protected Thiolated-Based Itopride Hydrochloride Polymeric Nanocrystals for Functional Dyspepsia: QbD-Driven Optimization, In Situ, In Vitro, and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 925

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