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Pharmaceuticals
Volume 18
Issue 3
10.3390/ph18030284
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Review

Rethinking Clinical Trials in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: How AI-Based OCT Analysis Can Support Successful Outcomes

by
Marie Louise Enzendorfer
,
Merle Tratnig-Frankl
,
Anna Eidenberger
,
Johannes Schrittwieser
,
Lukas Kuchernig
and
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
*
Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030284
Submission received: 24 January 2025 / Revised: 17 February 2025 / Accepted: 18 February 2025 / Published: 20 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Treatments and Technologies for Retinal Diseases)
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Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the developed world. Due to an aging population, its prevalence is expected to increase, making novel and optimized therapy options imperative. However, both late-stage forms of the disease, neovascular AMD (nAMD) and geographic atrophy (GA), exhibit considerable variability in disease progression and treatment response, complicating the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and making it difficult to design clinical trials that are both inclusive and statistically robust. Traditional trial designs frequently rely on generalized endpoints that may not fully capture the nuanced benefits of treatment, particularly in diseases like GA, where functional improvements can be gradual or subtle. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these issues by identifying novel, condition-specific biomarkers or endpoints, enabling precise patient stratification and improving recruitment strategies. By providing an overview of the advances and application of AI-based optical coherence tomography analysis in the context of AMD clinical trials, this review highlights the transformative potential of AI in optimizing clinical trial outcomes for patients with nAMD or GA secondary to AMD.
Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; artificial-intelligence; optical coherence tomography; clinical endpoints age-related macular degeneration; artificial-intelligence; optical coherence tomography; clinical endpoints
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MDPI and ACS Style

Enzendorfer, M.L.; Tratnig-Frankl, M.; Eidenberger, A.; Schrittwieser, J.; Kuchernig, L.; Schmidt-Erfurth, U. Rethinking Clinical Trials in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: How AI-Based OCT Analysis Can Support Successful Outcomes. Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18, 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030284

AMA Style

Enzendorfer ML, Tratnig-Frankl M, Eidenberger A, Schrittwieser J, Kuchernig L, Schmidt-Erfurth U. Rethinking Clinical Trials in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: How AI-Based OCT Analysis Can Support Successful Outcomes. Pharmaceuticals. 2025; 18(3):284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030284

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enzendorfer, Marie Louise, Merle Tratnig-Frankl, Anna Eidenberger, Johannes Schrittwieser, Lukas Kuchernig, and Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth. 2025. "Rethinking Clinical Trials in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: How AI-Based OCT Analysis Can Support Successful Outcomes" Pharmaceuticals 18, no. 3: 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030284

APA Style

Enzendorfer, M. L., Tratnig-Frankl, M., Eidenberger, A., Schrittwieser, J., Kuchernig, L., & Schmidt-Erfurth, U. (2025). Rethinking Clinical Trials in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: How AI-Based OCT Analysis Can Support Successful Outcomes. Pharmaceuticals, 18(3), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030284

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