An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Concentrations in the Source Tissues
3. Heterogeneity of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
4. Counting Mesenchymal Stem Cells Harvested from Tissue
4.1. The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Counts per Total Nucleated Cells
4.2. Estimation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Count with the CFU-F Test
5. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Quantification with Immunophenotyping
6. Towards the Standardisation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapies
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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MSC Source | Amount of MSCs (Concentration/Percentage/Number of CFU-F) | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|
Bone marrow | The number of fibroblast colonies for 5 × 106 bone marrow cells was 68 ± 10 (× ± 1 SEM), and the range was 45–143 | [45] |
Some 0.01% to 0.001% of mononuclear cells isolated on a density gradient (Ficoll/Percoll) give rise to plastic adherent fibroblast-like colonies | [2] | |
Less than 1 MSC in 100,000–500,000 nucleated cells in bone marrow aspirate from adults | [46] | |
In bone marrow aspirate: 0.018% CD45−/CD73+/CD90+/CD105+ cells | [12] | |
In bone marrow: 0.001% CD45−/CD11b−/CD19−/CD34−/HLA-DR−/CD73+/CD90+/CD105+ | [47] | |
In bone marrow: 0.026% CD45–/low CD271bright cells | [48] | |
In bone marrow: 0.007% (chip cytometry) and 0.014% (flow cytometry) | [49] | |
In bone marrow: 1 MSC per 105 adherent stromal cells | [50,51] | |
3 × 105 adherent cells/g of bone marrow | [52] | |
Adipose tissue | 2 × 105 adherent cells/g of adipose tissue | [52] |
The yield of stromal vascular cells for the abdomen was 0.7 × 106 ± 0.1 × 106 cells/g adipose, the hip and thigh region 0.5 × 106 ± 0.07 × 106 cells/g, and the mamma 0.6 × 106 ± 0.3 × 106 cells/g | [53] | |
5 × 105 stem cells could be obtained from 400 to 600 mg of adipose tissue | [54] | |
Approx. 0.5 × 104 to 2 × 105 stem cells can be isolated per gram of adipose tissue | [55] | |
2–6 × 108 processed lipo-aspirate cells can be obtained from 300 mL adipose tissue | [56] | |
Umbilical cord blood | The frequency of MSC-like cells ranged from 0 to 2.3 clones per 1 × 108 mononuclear cells | [57] |
From 1 × 103 to 5 × 103 cells per sample | [58] | |
Umbilical cord stroma | 4 × 105 cells per sample; 10–15 × 103 cells per centimetre of cord | [59] |
From 15–17 × 103 cells/cm of umbilical cord length, with a range of 10–50 × 103 cells/cm | [60] | |
Placenta | 0.6% to 2.1% | [61,62] |
MSC Source | Positive Expression | Negative Expression | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Bone marrow | CD73, CD90, CD105 (≥95% positive) | CD11b or CD14, CD19 or CD79a, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR (≤2% positive) | [75] |
CD105, CD73, CD90, CD44, CD49d, CD49f, PDGFRβ | CD45, CD34, CD19, CD14, HLA-DR, carcinoma cell marker (c-MET), EPCAM | [76] | |
STRO-1 | [77,78] | ||
Melanoma-associated cell adhesion molecule (MCAM/CD146) | [79] | ||
CD271 | [80,81] | ||
CD105, LNGFR, HLA-DR, CD10, CD13, CD90, STRO-1, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IA (BMPRIA) | CD14, CD34, CD117, CD133 | [82] | |
CD10, CD73, CD140b, CD146, GD2, CD271. | [83] | ||
CD73, CD90, CD105 (>90%) | CD34, CD45, HLA-DR (<5%) | [84] | |
CD90, CD105, CD44, CD10, CD271, HLA-ABC | [85] | ||
CD105, CD44, CD29, CD90, and CD106 | CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45 | [86] | |
CD9, CD10, CD13, CD73, CD105, CD166, frizzled-9 (FZD-9), W8B2 (anti-MSCA-1) | [87] | ||
PDGFRα, CD51 | [88] | ||
CD271, CD10, CD13, CD73, and CD105, W3D5, W5C5 (SUSD2), W8B2 | [89] | ||
CD13, CD15, CD73, CD140b, CD144, CD146, CD16 | [90] | ||
Cellular prion protein (PrP) | [91] | ||
CD29, CD44, CD105, CD26, CMKLR1 | CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | [92] | |
CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, Nestin, SOX2, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM/CD106) | CD11b, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | [93] | |
CD44, CD63, CD73, CD105, melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM/CD146) | CD14, CD34 | [94] | |
CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166, CD146 | CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | [95] | |
Adipose tissue | CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, Nestin, SOX2 | CD11b, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, VCAM/CD106 | [93] |
CD90, CD105, CD73, CD44 | CD11b, CD19, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | [96] | |
CD90, CD44, CD29, CD105, CD13, CD34, CD73, CD166, CD10, CD49e, CD59; HLA-ABC, STRO-1 | CD31, CD45, CD14, CD11b, CD34, CD19, CD56, CD146; HLA-DR | [97] | |
CD34, CD90 | [98] | ||
CD29, CD34, CD44, CD49d, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD151 | CD45 | [33] | |
CD34, CD90, CD73, CD105, CD44 | CD235a, CD45, CD31 | [99] | |
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD271 | CD34, CD45 | [100] | |
CD271 | [101] | ||
CD44, CD90, CD105, CD166 | CD31, CD34, CD45, CD146, HLA-DR | [95] | |
Umbilical cord | CD29, CD44, CD54, CD73, CD90, CD105, Nestin, SOX2, VCAM/CD106 | CD11b, CD19, CD31, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR | [93] |
CD105 (SH2), CD73 (SH3), CD90 (Thy-1), CD44 | CD34, CD45 | [102] | |
CD105, CD90, CD73, CD54, CD13, CD29, CD44 | CD31, CD14, CD34, CD45 | [103] | |
Stro-1, CD44, CD105, CD146 | [104] | ||
CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD166, HLA-ABC | CD14, CD34, CD45, CD117, CD133, CD144, CD326, HLA-DR | [105] | |
CD13, CD29 (integrin β1), CD73 (SH3), CD90 (Thy-1), CD105 (SH2), HLA-ABC | CD34, CD45, CD133, HLA-DR | [106] | |
CD73, CD90, CD105 | CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR | [107] | |
CD13, CD29, CD44, CD90, CD105, CD146 | CD10, CD14, CD34, CD117 | [108] | |
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, SOX2, SSEA4 | CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, CD106 | [109] | |
Placenta | CD9, CD10, CD13, CD73, CD105, CD166, stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4), FZD-9 | [87] | |
CD29, CD44, CD54 | CD31, CD45, AC133 | [110] | |
CD13, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD140b, HLA-ABC | CD14, CD34, CD45, CD66b, CD324, CD326, HLA-DR | [111] | |
CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166, SOX2, SSEA4, CD106 | CD14, CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, CD106 | [109] |
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Maličev, E.; Jazbec, K. An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Concentration. Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17, 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030350
Maličev E, Jazbec K. An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Concentration. Pharmaceuticals. 2024; 17(3):350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030350
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaličev, Elvira, and Katerina Jazbec. 2024. "An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Heterogeneity and Concentration" Pharmaceuticals 17, no. 3: 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030350