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Pharmaceuticals
Volume 16
Issue 9
10.3390/ph16091292
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Systematic Review

The Risk of Methylphenidate Pharmacotherapy for Adults with ADHD

by
Rafał Bieś
1,
Joanna Fojcik
2,
Anna Warchala
3,
Beata Trędzbor
3,
Krzysztof Krysta
3,
Katarzyna Piekarska-Bugiel
2 and
Marek Krzystanek
3,*
1
Medical Students’ Association, Department and Clinic of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
2
Department of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Leszek Giec Upper-Silesian Medical Centre, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
3
Department and Clinic of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, Ziołowa 45/47, 40-635 Katowice, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16(9), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091292
Submission received: 18 August 2023 / Revised: 6 September 2023 / Accepted: 9 September 2023 / Published: 13 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)
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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. It was once thought to be a disorder affecting only children, but in those undiagnosed in childhood, symptoms do not disappear with age. There is now a growing recognition of the late diagnosis and treatment of adults with ADHD. The first-line drug in pharmacotherapy is methylphenidate, and information about its adverse effects, when used by adults, has not been as extensively described as in children. The aim of this article was to review the literature describing the risks of methylphenidate therapy for adults with ADHD. A total of 19 articles—15 clinical trials and 4 case reports presenting rare side effects resulting from methylphenidate therapy, such as reversible ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, and psychotic episodes, were analyzed. The analysis from clinical trials included 3458 adult patients with ADHD and described the most common side effects, psychiatric adverse events, effects of methylphenidate treatment on sleep, laboratory results, body mass, and cardiovascular symptoms. Methylphenidate treatment is well tolerated, with side effects described, according to severity, as mild to moderate. We conclude that pharmacotherapy is not risk-free and methylphenidate, due to its side effects, may not be the first drug of choice for every patient.
Keywords: methylphenidate; psychostimulants; ADHD; adults; neurodevelopmental disorders; adverse effects; serious adverse events; treatment risk methylphenidate; psychostimulants; ADHD; adults; neurodevelopmental disorders; adverse effects; serious adverse events; treatment risk

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bieś, R.; Fojcik, J.; Warchala, A.; Trędzbor, B.; Krysta, K.; Piekarska-Bugiel, K.; Krzystanek, M. The Risk of Methylphenidate Pharmacotherapy for Adults with ADHD. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091292

AMA Style

Bieś R, Fojcik J, Warchala A, Trędzbor B, Krysta K, Piekarska-Bugiel K, Krzystanek M. The Risk of Methylphenidate Pharmacotherapy for Adults with ADHD. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(9):1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091292

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bieś, Rafał, Joanna Fojcik, Anna Warchala, Beata Trędzbor, Krzysztof Krysta, Katarzyna Piekarska-Bugiel, and Marek Krzystanek. 2023. "The Risk of Methylphenidate Pharmacotherapy for Adults with ADHD" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 9: 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091292

APA Style

Bieś, R., Fojcik, J., Warchala, A., Trędzbor, B., Krysta, K., Piekarska-Bugiel, K., & Krzystanek, M. (2023). The Risk of Methylphenidate Pharmacotherapy for Adults with ADHD. Pharmaceuticals, 16(9), 1292. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16091292

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