Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Behavior
3. Muscle
4. Brain Injury Concomitant Pathology
5. Thrombosis
6. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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References | Effects |
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[91] | The development of tolerances and physical dependences, are both attenuated. |
[93] | Particular anxiolytic effects (i.e., not burying and no more shocks (shock probe/burying), and a greater number of crossing and exploratory rearing behaviors in dark areas (light/dark test)). |
[103] | In the counteraction of the negative schizophrenia symptoms in the ketamine-dosed rats, there was an additional anxiolytic effect. |
[94] | Antagonization of thiopental-induced general anesthesia (parallel shift of the dose–response curve to the right). |
[96,97] | Counteraction of acute and chronic alcohol intoxication. |
[91,99] | Counteracted convulsions induced by picrotoxin, isoniazid, and bicuculline. |
[115] | In classic antidepressant assays, BPC 157 therapy (Porsolt’s test, chronic stress, reduced duration of immobility) overwhelmed the effect of imipramine. |
[107] | Full counteraction of serotonin syndrome as a particular effect. |
[108] | Region-specific influences on brain serotonin synthesis in rats in acute and chronic treatments. Serotonin release was increased, particularly related to the innate effect on the substantia nigra structure (alpha-[14C]methyl-L-tryptophan autoradiographic measurements). |
[120] | Counteracted disturbances caused by the application of the parkinsongenic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophyridine (MPTP) and vesicle depletion by reserpine application. |
[46,70,88,89,121,122,123,124] | Counteracted effects of blockaded dopamine receptors that would appear in haloperidol, fluphenazine, clozapine, and sulpiride applications, peripherally (gastric lesions, sphincter dysfunction, prolonged QTc intervals) and centrally (catalepsy, akinesia). |
[125] | Antagonization of the haloperidol potentiation of morphine analgesia. Antagonization of morphine analgesia. |
[90,92] | Counteracted disturbances (i.e., stereotypies) in acute and chronic amphetamine applications (i.e., tolerance and reverse tolerance). |
[88] | Antagonized disturbances that were characteristic in the courses of amphetamine, methamphetamine, apomorphine, and dopamine (over)-stimulation, in the suited models of the positive-like schizophrenia symptoms. |
[103] | Counteraction of the ketamine-negative-like schizophrenia symptoms as NO-related effects: counteraction of cognition dysfunction, social withdrawal, and anhedonia; additional anxiolytic effects exerted (see above). |
[103] | Counteraction of the worsening of cognitive dysfunction, anhedonia, and anxiogenic effects induced by L-NAME. |
[103] | Counteraction of the worsening of social withdrawal and anxiogenic effects induced by L-arginine. |
[90] | Fully avoided striatal dopamine receptor up-regulation and supersensitivity in mice pretreated with haloperidol and, subsequently, challenged with amphetamines. Increased climbing behavior was antagonized. |
[88] | Antagonization of L-NAME-induced catalepsy. |
References | Effects |
---|---|
[50,150,151,152,153,154] | The described improved purposive movement rationale (via the motor cortex–spinal cord-appropriate muscles and vice versa) might conceptualize in the brain–muscle axis function, the healing and function recovery of the myotendinous junction (dissection), the muscle lesion (transection, contusion, and corticosteroid application), and the nerves (transection). |
[68] | With counteracted muscle weakness, stroke was counteracted. |
[146] | With counteracted muscle weakness, traumatic brain injury was counteracted. |
[149] | With counteracted muscle weakness, cuprizone–induced multiple sclerosis-like brain lesions in rats were counteracted. |
[147,148] | With counteracted muscle weakness, spinal cord compression lesions were counteracted. |
[56,155,156,157] | With counteracted muscle weakness, severe electrolyte disturbances and brain lesions were counteracted. |
[96,97,107] | In alcohol intoxication and serotonin syndrome, muscle disturbances were counteracted, along with the antagonization of the whole syndrome. |
[158] | Counteraction of the succinylcholine-induced neuromuscular junction blockade. |
[45] | Tumor-induced muscle cachexia (i.e., muscle degeneration, inflammation, catabolism, and deranged molecular pathways) was antagonized, and the survival rate increased. |
[88,89,90,120] | Catalepsy, akinesia, and tremors with neuroleptic dopamine blockades, NO system blockades, applications of parkinsongenic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophyridine (MPTP), and vesicle depletion by reserpine applications were antagonized. |
[51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84] | Counteraction of myocardial infarction and myocardial reinfarction, along with brain injury mitigation and severe vascular and multiorgan failure counteraction (activated azygos vein direct blood flow delivery). |
[2,51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84,86,113,114] | Heart failure was counteracted (including arrhythmias and thrombosis counteracted), in addition to the therapeutic effects of BPC 157 on the various muscle disabilities of a multitude of peripheral and central causes. |
[46,48,95,106, 162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172] | Recovery of the distinctive functions of sphincters (lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, pupil, urinary sphincter). |
[40,174,175] | Intestine recovery after massive intestinal resection, as well-controlled adaptive processes adequately affecting the entire intestinal wall (villus height, crypt depth, and muscle thickness (inner (circular) muscular layer) all accordingly increased) achieved full intestinal anastomosis healing in particular. The counteraction of brain lesions that otherwise might occur regularly after massive bowel resection. |
[60] | BPC 157 increased vasorelaxation in the aorta without the endothelium, while BPC 157 modulated the vasomotor tone of an isolated aorta in a concentration- and nitric oxide-dependent manner and induced NO generation, likely by activating the Src-Cav-1-eNOS pathway. |
References | Effects |
---|---|
[34,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44] | The counteraction of the noxious course following NSAIDs. These were non-specific NSAIDs, as well as specific NSAIDs. There were simultaneous counteractions of both central and peripheral injuries (brain, liver, and gastrointestinal tract lesions). |
[41] | Counteracted leaky gut syndrome in the indomethacin-dosed rats and the recovery of all of the leaky-gut-syndrome-deranged molecular pathways. |
[35] | Counteraction of the distinctive course of the stomach–liver–brain lesions after an overdose of insulin (hypoglycemic seizures eventually leading to death, which appeared 90 min after insulin, and severe damage of the neurons in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex). Prominent calcification in the liver’s blood vessels (both insulin pathways should be inhibited for the calcification) in a few hours of insulin periods was also markedly attenuated. |
[51,52,53,54,56,57,67,80,81,82,83,84] | With occlusion/occlusion-like syndromes obtained with permanent major vessel occlusions, both peripherally and centrally, and the application of similar noxious procedures that all severely disabled endothelium functions, the harms of vascular failure to multiorgan failure, both peripherally and centrally, and the essential beneficial significances of the rapid activation of the collateral pathways were summarized. Therefore, there was a considerable extension of the simultaneous recoveries of the central and peripheral lesions (i.e., brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract). Simultaneous recoveries also included the simultaneous counteraction of intracranial hypertension (superior sagittal sinus), portal and caval hypertensions, aortal hypotension, ECG disturbances, progressing thrombosis in veins and arteries, peripherally, and hemorrhage in brain and internal organs. |
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Sikiric, P.; Gojkovic, S.; Krezic, I.; Smoday, I.M.; Kalogjera, L.; Zizek, H.; Oroz, K.; Vranes, H.; Vukovic, V.; Labidi, M.; et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050676
Sikiric P, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Smoday IM, Kalogjera L, Zizek H, Oroz K, Vranes H, Vukovic V, Labidi M, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function. Pharmaceuticals. 2023; 16(5):676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050676
Chicago/Turabian StyleSikiric, Predrag, Slaven Gojkovic, Ivan Krezic, Ivan Maria Smoday, Luka Kalogjera, Helena Zizek, Katarina Oroz, Hrvoje Vranes, Vlasta Vukovic, May Labidi, and et al. 2023. "Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 May Recover Brain–Gut Axis and Gut–Brain Axis Function" Pharmaceuticals 16, no. 5: 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16050676