Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Pain
1.2. Opioid Receptors
1.3. Endogenous Opioid Ligands
1.4. Exogenous Opioid Ligands
1.5. Opioid Receptor-Mediated Signalling Pathways
2. Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects
2.1. Analgesic Tolerance
2.2. Addiction and Physical Dependence
2.3. Constipation
2.4. Nausea and Vomiting
2.5. Respiratory Depression
2.6. Other Adverse Effects
3. Discussion and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Receptor Nomenclature 1 | Gene | Most Common Location in the CNS 2 | Most Common Roles and Functions | Selective Agonist 3 | Selective Antagonist 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
μ, mu, MOP | OPRM1 | Thalamus, amygdala, dorsal horn, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, locus coeruleus | Analgesia, intestinal transit, feeding, mood, hormone secretion, thermoregulation, cardiovascular function | DAMGO, sufentanil, PL017 | CTAP, CTOP, β-FNA |
δ, delta, DOP | OPRD1 | Olfactory bulb, thalamus, cortex, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala, dorsal horn | Analgesia, mood, gastrointestinal motility, behaviour, cardiovascular regulation | DPDPE, [D-Ala2]deltorphin I, [D-Ala2]deltorphin II SNC80 | Naltrindole, TIPPᴪ, Naltriben |
κ, kappa, KOP | OPRK1 | Olfactory bulb, NAc, cerebral cortex, claustrum, amygdala, caudate nucleus, hypothalamus, subthalamic nucleus, thalamus, corpus callosum. | Analgesia in inflammation, diuresis, feeding, neuroprotection, neuroendocrine functions | Enadoline, U50488, U69593, salvinorin A | norBNI, GNTI |
N/OFQ, NOP | OPRL1 | Hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, substantia nigra, dorsal horn, lateral septum | Spinal analgesia, anxiety, mood, memory, feeding, locomotor activity | UFP-102, Ro64-6198, N/OFQ-(1-13)-NH2, UFP-112 | UFP-101, SB 612111, J-113397, JTC-801 |
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Paul, A.K.; Smith, C.M.; Rahmatullah, M.; Nissapatorn, V.; Wilairatana, P.; Spetea, M.; Gueven, N.; Dietis, N. Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review. Pharmaceuticals 2021, 14, 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14111091
Paul AK, Smith CM, Rahmatullah M, Nissapatorn V, Wilairatana P, Spetea M, Gueven N, Dietis N. Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review. Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(11):1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14111091
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul, Alok K., Craig M. Smith, Mohammed Rahmatullah, Veeranoot Nissapatorn, Polrat Wilairatana, Mariana Spetea, Nuri Gueven, and Nikolas Dietis. 2021. "Opioid Analgesia and Opioid-Induced Adverse Effects: A Review" Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 11: 1091. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph14111091