Figure 1.
(a) The total number of genes deregulated by ginsenoside Rg5 in concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 1 aM; (b) ginsenoside Rg5 concentration-dependent fold change expression of selected differentially regulated genes in the hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22; (c) Venn diagram of genes deregulated by ginsenoside Rg5 at concentrations 1 μM, 1 nM, 1 pM, 1 gM and 1 aM.
Figure 1.
(a) The total number of genes deregulated by ginsenoside Rg5 in concentrations ranging from 1 μM to 1 aM; (b) ginsenoside Rg5 concentration-dependent fold change expression of selected differentially regulated genes in the hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22; (c) Venn diagram of genes deregulated by ginsenoside Rg5 at concentrations 1 μM, 1 nM, 1 pM, 1 gM and 1 aM.
Figure 2.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on neurotransmitters and nervous system signaling. (a) Brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) Symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 2.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on neurotransmitters and nervous system signaling. (a) Brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) Symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 3.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on cellular immune response, stress and injury (including senescence and EIF2 signaling) signaling. (a) The brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 3.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on cellular immune response, stress and injury (including senescence and EIF2 signaling) signaling. (a) The brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 4.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on nuclear receptors and transcriptional regulation (including estrogen receptors and sirtuin) signaling. (a) The brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) The symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 4.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on nuclear receptors and transcriptional regulation (including estrogen receptors and sirtuin) signaling. (a) The brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) The symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 5.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on apoptosis and cancer (including death receptor signaling, programmed death PD-1 cancer immunotherapy and tumor microenvironment) canonical pathways. (a) Brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) Symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 5.
Effect of Rg5 in concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on apoptosis and cancer (including death receptor signaling, programmed death PD-1 cancer immunotherapy and tumor microenvironment) canonical pathways. (a) Brown color depicts predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) Symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 6.
Effect of Rg5 on neuroinflammation signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 6.
Effect of Rg5 on neuroinflammation signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 7.
Effect of Rg5 on CREB signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expressions (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 7.
Effect of Rg5 on CREB signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expressions (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 8.
Effect of Rg5 on senescence signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 8.
Effect of Rg5 on senescence signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 9.
Effect of Rg5 on EIF2 signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 9.
Effect of Rg5 on EIF2 signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 10.
Effect of Rg5 on estrogen receptors signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 in the concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 10.
Effect of Rg5 on estrogen receptors signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 in the concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 11.
Effect of Rg5 on SIRT signaling pathway in neurons: (a)—Heatmap of gene expressions (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green—downregulation), after exposure of neurons with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or down-regulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 in the concentration of 1 nM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 11.
Effect of Rg5 on SIRT signaling pathway in neurons: (a)—Heatmap of gene expressions (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green—downregulation), after exposure of neurons with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or down-regulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 in the concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 in the concentration of 1 nM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 12.
Effect of Rg5 on death receptors signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 12.
Effect of Rg5 on death receptors signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 13.
Effect of Rg5 on tumor microenvironment signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 mM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 13.
Effect of Rg5 on tumor microenvironment signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations; the 100 mM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 14.
Effect of Rg5 on PD-1 cancer immunotherapy signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) canonical pathway activation state; (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (d) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 14.
Effect of Rg5 on PD-1 cancer immunotherapy signaling pathway: (a) Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes; (b) canonical pathway activation state; (c) Rg5 at a concentration of 100 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown); (d) Rg5 at a concentration of 1 μM—predicted inhibition (blue) and activation (brown).
Figure 15.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on significantly deregulated metabolic signaling pathways. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p−value was <1.3.
Figure 15.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on significantly deregulated metabolic signaling pathways. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color—predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p−value was <1.3.
Figure 16.
Effect of Rg5 on cholesterol biosynthesis metabolic pathway: Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes.
Figure 16.
Effect of Rg5 on cholesterol biosynthesis metabolic pathway: Heatmap of gene expression (in fold changes compared to control, red, upregulation and green, downregulation), after exposure with ginsenoside Rg5 at different concentrations; the 100 μM signature is shown in the leftmost column as solid red or green squares indicating genes that are upregulated or downregulated, respectively; color intensity indicates the actual log-fold changes.
Figure 17.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on molecular and cellular functions (including apoptosis of neurons). (a) the brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p−value was <1.3.
Figure 17.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on molecular and cellular functions (including apoptosis of neurons). (a) the brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p−value was <1.3.
Figure 18.
Predicted effects of Rg5 on apoptosis: (a) activation (brown) at a concentration of 100 μM; (b)—predicted inhibition (blue) at a concentration of 1 pM.
Figure 18.
Predicted effects of Rg5 on apoptosis: (a) activation (brown) at a concentration of 100 μM; (b)—predicted inhibition (blue) at a concentration of 1 pM.
Figure 19.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on physiological functions, including organismal death. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) The symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 19.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 1 μM and 100 μM) on physiological functions, including organismal death. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) The symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3.
Figure 20.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 100 nM *, 1 μM and 100 μM) on diseases and disorders, including movement disorders. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3. *: Results from Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part II).
Figure 20.
Effect of Rg5 at concentrations of 1 aM, 10 aM, 1 fM, 1 pM, 1 nM, 100 nM *, 1 μM and 100 μM) on diseases and disorders, including movement disorders. (a) The brown color shows the predicted activation, blue color the predicted inhibition of signaling pathway; the symbol shows that the activation z-score was <2. (b) the symbol shows that the −log p-value was <1.3. *: Results from Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part II).
Figure 21.
Predicted effects of Rg5 on movement disorders: (a) activation (brown) at a concentration of 100 μM; (b) predicted inhibition (blue) at a concentration of 1 aM.
Figure 21.
Predicted effects of Rg5 on movement disorders: (a) activation (brown) at a concentration of 100 μM; (b) predicted inhibition (blue) at a concentration of 1 aM.
Figure 22.
Predicted effects of Rg5 in cancer: predicted inhibition (blue) at the concentration of 100 nM. *: Results from Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part II).
Figure 22.
Predicted effects of Rg5 in cancer: predicted inhibition (blue) at the concentration of 100 nM. *: Results from Network Pharmacology of Red Ginseng (Part II).
Table 1.
Number of genes deregulated
1 by ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations in the murine hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. For details, see
Supplemental Table S3 in Supplement 2.
Table 1.
Number of genes deregulated
1 by ginsenoside Rg5 in different concentrations in the murine hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22. For details, see
Supplemental Table S3 in Supplement 2.
Sample Name | Rg5 Concentration | Molecules of Rg5 per Cells, Ratio | Number of Deregulated Genes | Number of Deregulated Genes Unique Only in Selected Conc. | Fold Changes of the Only Gene, Ca6, Which is Deregulated in All Conc. |
---|
S2 | 10−4 M | 1 2 × 1011 | 1670 | 1215 | 731 |
S3 | 10−6 M | 1 2 × 109 | 280 | 120 | −306 |
S4 | 10−9 M | 1 2 × 106 | 328 | 122 | −286 |
S5 | 10−12 M | 1 2 × 103 | 380 | 163 | −274 |
S6 | 10−15 M | 1 2 | 471 | 252 | −281 |
S7 | 10−17 M | 2:102 | 343 | 159 | −293 |
S8 | 10−18 M | 2:103 | 422 | 178 | −313 |
Table 2.
The number of genes matching neuroinflammation signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with neuroinflammation 1.
Table 2.
The number of genes matching neuroinflammation signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with neuroinflammation 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 23 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 8 |
Amyloid-β plaque accumulation | disease | + | 0 | − | − | 0 | + | − |
Astrogliosis | disease | + | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Aβ formation/generation | disease | + | − | + | + | + | + | + |
Blood-brain barrier disruption | disease | + | − | +/− | + | + | + | − |
Major depression | disease | + | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Oxidative stress | disease | + | − | − | + | − | + | − |
Neuron’s damage | disease | + | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Neuron’s survival | process | − | − | + | + | + | + | + |
Neuron’s apoptosis | process | + | 0 | − | − + | + | + | + − |
Th1 cell recruitment | process | − | + | − | − | − | − | + |
T cell recruitment | process | + | 0 | − | + | + | + | − |
GABAergic neuron density | process | + | − | + | + | + | + | − |
Amyloid-β precursor protein | protein | + | 0 | − | − | 0 | + | − |
Table 3.
The number of genes matching senescence signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in cellular processes associated with neurotransmission 1.
Table 3.
The number of genes matching senescence signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in cellular processes associated with neurotransmission 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 43 | 10 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 8 |
Cell division cycle | function | − | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Cellular senescence | function | + | − | − | − | − | − | − |
Table 4.
The number of genes matching EIF2 signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular functions associated with intracellular signaling 1.
Table 4.
The number of genes matching EIF2 signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular functions associated with intracellular signaling 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 32 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 9 |
Cardio-protection | disease | + | 0 | − | − | − | − | − |
ER stress response | function | + | 0 | − | − | − | − | − |
Uptake of D-glucose | function | − | 0 | + | + | + | + | + |
Vascularization | function | − | 0 | − | − | 0 | 0 | + |
Assembly of stress granule | function | − | 0 | − | − | 0 | 0 | − |
Translation/protein elongation | function | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
Table 5.
The number of genes matching estrogen receptors signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular functions associated with neurotransmission 1.
Table 5.
The number of genes matching estrogen receptors signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular functions associated with neurotransmission 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 56 | 5 | 13 | 8 | 10 | 1 | 11 |
Atrophy of muscle | disease | + | + | − | − | − | 0 | + |
Breast cancer cell line tumorigenesis | disease | 0 | − | + | 0 | − | 0 | + |
Metastasis | disease | + | 0 | − | 0 | − | 0 | 0 |
Oxidative stress | disease | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
Tumor cell proliferation | disease | 0 | − | + | 0 | − | 0 | +0 |
Angiogenesis | function | 0 | − | + | + | − | 0 | + |
Apoptosis | function | + | + | − | − | − | 0 | + |
Cell proliferation | function | − | − | + | 0 | − | 0 | + |
Coronary vessel relaxation | function | − | 0 | − | + | 0 | 0 | + |
Neuroprotection | function | + | − | + | + | + | + | + |
Survival of cells | function | + | − | + | + | + | + | 0 |
Synapse maturation | function | − | + | + | − | − | 0 | + |
Table 6.
The number of genes matching senescence signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in cellular processes associated with apoptosis 1.
Table 6.
The number of genes matching senescence signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in cellular processes associated with apoptosis 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 8 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 2 |
Apoptosis | function | − | 0 | 0 | − | − | − | − |
Cell shrinkage | function | − | 0 | 0 | − | − | − | + |
Chromatin condensation | function | − | 0 | 0 | − | − | − | − |
DNA fragmentation | function | − | 0 | 0 | − | − | − | − |
DNA repair | function | + | 0 | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Table 7.
The number of genes matching tumor microenvironment signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with neurotransmission 1.
Table 7.
The number of genes matching tumor microenvironment signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with neurotransmission 1.
Concentration of Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 29 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
Apoptosis of tumor cells | Disease | − + | ++ | 0 | − − | − − | − + | − + |
Viability of tumor cells | function | + | − | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Survival of tumor cells | disease | + | − | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Proliferation of tumor cells | disease | − | − | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Metastasis | disease | + | − | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Tumor cell invasion | disease | − | − | 0 | + | + | + | + |
Table 8.
The number of genes matching apoptosis receptor PD−1 cancer immunotherapy signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with cancer immunotherapy 1.
Table 8.
The number of genes matching apoptosis receptor PD−1 cancer immunotherapy signaling pathway and predicted effects of Rg5 in various diseases and cellular processes associated with cancer immunotherapy 1.
Concentration Rg5, M | | 10−4 | 10−6 | 10−9 | 10−12 | 10−15 | 10−17 | 10−18 |
---|
No. of matching genes | | 9 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 3 |
Cancer cell proliferation | disease | + | − | − | 0 | + | + | + |
T-cell exhaustion | disease | + | + | 0 | − | − | 0 | + |
Effector function of T cells | function | − | − | 0 | + | + | 0 | − |
T-cell apoptosis | function | − | + | 0 | 0 | − | − | + |
T-cell proliferation | function | − | − | 0 | + | + | 0 | 0 |
T-cell activation | function | − | − | 0 | + | + | 0 | − |
Tr1 cell specialization | function | + | + | 0 | − | − | 0 | + |