Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. SoilWeather sensor network and applications
2.1. Karjaanjoki river basin
2.2. Sensors, sensor network and infrastructure
2.3. Data quality control and network maintenance
- missing data test
- missing observations test
- variation test and
- range test.
2.4. Applications
- in predicting potato late blight risk
- in developing interpolation methods for weather parameters into 30 m resolution grid
- in monitoring water quality and nutrient retention in rivers and in constructed wetland
- in improving hydrological model at river basin scale
- in leaching model in sub-catchment scale
- in soil moisture model at field parcel level
- in precision agriculture.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Performance of the network
3.2. Performance of applications
3.3. Benefits and challenges
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Sensor node | Sensors | Parameters | Producer's web page |
---|---|---|---|
a-Weather station basic core | Pt1000 | Temperature | www.a-lab.fi |
AST2 Vaisala HMP50 | Humidity | www.vaisala.com | |
Davis Rain Collector II | Precipitation | www.davisnet.com | |
Davis Anemometer | Wind direction | ||
Davis Anemometer | Wind speed | ||
Additional parameters | Decagon ECHO (capacitance) | Soil moisture | www.decagon.com |
FDR (Frequency Domain Reflectometry) | Soil moisture | www.a-lab.fi | |
OBS3+ | Water turbidity | www.d-a-instruments.com/ | |
Keller 0.25 bar | Water level | www.keller-druck.ch | |
Nutrient measurement station | s::can spectrometer | Nitrate conc. | www.s-can.at/ |
Water turbidity | |||
Water level | |||
Water temperature |
MONTH | WARNING_LOW | WARNING_HIGH | ERROR_LOW | ERROR_HIGH |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | −37 | 11 | −47 | 17 |
2 | −35 | 11 | −45 | 17 |
3 | −31 | 15 | −41 | 22 |
4 | −19 | 23 | −29 | 27 |
5 | −7 | 29 | −17 | 31 |
6 | −2 | 32 | −12 | 36 |
7 | 2 | 33 | −8 | 36 |
8 | 0 | 32 | −10 | 36 |
9 | −7 | 26 | −17 | 31 |
10 | −16 | 19 | −26 | 28 |
11 | −23 | 12 | −33 | 20 |
12 | −35 | 10 | −45 | 16 |
Problem | Manifestation in the data | Number of occasions |
---|---|---|
1. Battery voltage decreasing | Missing data and/or air humidity decreases too much | 48 |
2. Turbidity sensor contaminated | Turbidity values too high and increasing | 64 |
3. Problems with battery contact | Missing data or station down | Ca. 40 |
4. Organisms on the turbidity sensor | Saw tooth pattern in the data | several |
5. Rain gauge clogged up | No accumulation of the precipitation despite of the nearby rain | 18 |
6. Station fell down | Possible problems with wind data and/or no precipitation | 12 |
7. Station malfunction | Missing data or station down regardless of battery condition | 5 |
Parameter | Number of suspicious measurements | Number of erroneous measurements |
---|---|---|
Air temperature | 114 | - |
Water level | 900 | 30 |
Air pressure | 250 | - |
Turbidity | 323 | 80 |
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Kotamäki, N.; Thessler, S.; Koskiaho, J.; Hannukkala, A.O.; Huitu, H.; Huttula, T.; Havento, J.; Järvenpää, M. Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective. Sensors 2009, 9, 2862-2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90402862
Kotamäki N, Thessler S, Koskiaho J, Hannukkala AO, Huitu H, Huttula T, Havento J, Järvenpää M. Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective. Sensors. 2009; 9(4):2862-2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90402862
Chicago/Turabian StyleKotamäki, Niina, Sirpa Thessler, Jari Koskiaho, Asko O. Hannukkala, Hanna Huitu, Timo Huttula, Jukka Havento, and Markku Järvenpää. 2009. "Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective" Sensors 9, no. 4: 2862-2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90402862
APA StyleKotamäki, N., Thessler, S., Koskiaho, J., Hannukkala, A. O., Huitu, H., Huttula, T., Havento, J., & Järvenpää, M. (2009). Wireless in-situ Sensor Network for Agriculture and Water Monitoring on a River Basin Scale in Southern Finland: Evaluation from a Data User’s Perspective. Sensors, 9(4), 2862-2883. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90402862