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Article

Security-Aware Codebook Design for Low-PAPR AFDM Systems

1
School of Communication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
2
School of Internet of Things, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2026, 26(11), 3614; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26113614
Submission received: 22 April 2026 / Revised: 28 May 2026 / Accepted: 3 June 2026 / Published: 5 June 2026

Abstract

Affine frequency division multiplexing (AFDM) is regarded as a promising waveform for high-mobility wireless systems. However, the public codebook used in AFDM raises security concerns when the link is observed by an eavesdropper, and meanwhile AFDM communication suffers from a high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). This paper proposes a security-aware codebook design for low-PAPR AFDM systems. Specifically, the codebook is designed to minimize an eavesdropper-oriented cross-alignment metric while maintaining the legitimate user’s decoding reliability and keeping the PAPR low. Since the resulting design problem is non-convex, we develop a dedicated alternating discrete coordinate descent algorithm to solve it. Simulation results show that the proposed codebook design significantly degrades the eavesdropper’s decoding performance without degrading that of the legitimate receiver while maintaining the low-PAPR.
Keywords: affine frequency-division multiplexing; peak-to-average power ratio; physical-layer security; blind side-information detection; codebook design affine frequency-division multiplexing; peak-to-average power ratio; physical-layer security; blind side-information detection; codebook design

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, T.; Dai, H. Security-Aware Codebook Design for Low-PAPR AFDM Systems. Sensors 2026, 26, 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26113614

AMA Style

Zhang T, Dai H. Security-Aware Codebook Design for Low-PAPR AFDM Systems. Sensors. 2026; 26(11):3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26113614

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Tingting, and Haibo Dai. 2026. "Security-Aware Codebook Design for Low-PAPR AFDM Systems" Sensors 26, no. 11: 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26113614

APA Style

Zhang, T., & Dai, H. (2026). Security-Aware Codebook Design for Low-PAPR AFDM Systems. Sensors, 26(11), 3614. https://doi.org/10.3390/s26113614

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