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Volume 25
Issue 23
10.3390/s25237119
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Article

Hybrid GA-PSO Optimization for Controller Placement in Large-Scale Smart City IoT Networks

by
Sheeraz Ali Memon
1,
Darius Andriukaitis
1,*,
Dangirutis Navikas
1,
Vytautas Markevičius
1,
Algimantas Valinevičius
1,
Mindaugas Žilys
1,
Michal Prauzek
2,
Jaromir Konecny
2,
Zhixiong Li
3,
Tomyslav Sledevič
4,
Michal Frivaldsky
5 and
Dardan Klimenta
6
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu g. 50-438, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
2
Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
3
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland
4
Department of Electronic Systems, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Saulėtekio Ave. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
5
Department of Mechatronics and Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 01 Žilina, Slovakia
6
Department of Power Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Kneza Miloša St. 7, RS-38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7119; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237119
Submission received: 2 October 2025 / Revised: 18 November 2025 / Accepted: 19 November 2025 / Published: 21 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Network and IoT Technologies for Smart Cities)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role in the development of smart cities. IoT forms a large network, and optimal controller placement plays a crucial role in ensuring network performance and resilience. This paper proposes a hybrid optimization approach that combines Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to strategically place controllers. Kaunas (Lithuania) was selected as a real-world smart city model. A large-scale Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) network with 2000 nodes was simulated, and 10 controllers were optimally placed in the network to minimize latency, balance load, enhance energy efficiency, and redundancy. The performance of the proposed hybrid GA-PSO algorithm was compared with random and K-Means clustering placements under three scenarios: normal operation, node failures, and traffic spikes. Simulation results demonstrate that the hybrid approach outperforms the other two methods in terms of load balancing, packet loss, energy efficiency, scalability, and redundancy. These findings highlight the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm in optimizing controller placement for smart city environments.
Keywords: controller placement; hybrid optimization; NB-IoT; GA-PSO; smart city controller placement; hybrid optimization; NB-IoT; GA-PSO; smart city

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Memon, S.A.; Andriukaitis, D.; Navikas, D.; Markevičius, V.; Valinevičius, A.; Žilys, M.; Prauzek, M.; Konecny, J.; Li, Z.; Sledevič, T.; et al. Hybrid GA-PSO Optimization for Controller Placement in Large-Scale Smart City IoT Networks. Sensors 2025, 25, 7119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237119

AMA Style

Memon SA, Andriukaitis D, Navikas D, Markevičius V, Valinevičius A, Žilys M, Prauzek M, Konecny J, Li Z, Sledevič T, et al. Hybrid GA-PSO Optimization for Controller Placement in Large-Scale Smart City IoT Networks. Sensors. 2025; 25(23):7119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237119

Chicago/Turabian Style

Memon, Sheeraz Ali, Darius Andriukaitis, Dangirutis Navikas, Vytautas Markevičius, Algimantas Valinevičius, Mindaugas Žilys, Michal Prauzek, Jaromir Konecny, Zhixiong Li, Tomyslav Sledevič, and et al. 2025. "Hybrid GA-PSO Optimization for Controller Placement in Large-Scale Smart City IoT Networks" Sensors 25, no. 23: 7119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237119

APA Style

Memon, S. A., Andriukaitis, D., Navikas, D., Markevičius, V., Valinevičius, A., Žilys, M., Prauzek, M., Konecny, J., Li, Z., Sledevič, T., Frivaldsky, M., & Klimenta, D. (2025). Hybrid GA-PSO Optimization for Controller Placement in Large-Scale Smart City IoT Networks. Sensors, 25(23), 7119. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237119

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