End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication

Mohammed, Mohaimen; Çevik, Mesut

doi:10.3390/s25216776

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End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication

by

Mohaimen Mohammed

^*

and

Mesut Çevik

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, 34217 Istanbul, Turkey

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2025, 25(21), 6776; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216776

Submission received: 23 September 2025 / Revised: 25 October 2025 / Accepted: 3 November 2025 / Published: 5 November 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Security and Privacy for IIoT Applications)

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Abstract

This paper presents a Deep Autoencoder–LDPC–OFDM (DAE–LDPC–OFDM) transceiver architecture that integrates a learned belief propagation (BP) decoder to achieve robust, energy-efficient, and adaptive wireless communication. Unlike conventional modular systems that treat encoding, modulation, and decoding as independent stages, the proposed framework performs end-to-end joint optimization of all components, enabling dynamic adaptation to varying channel and noise conditions. The learned BP decoder introduces trainable parameters into the iterative message-passing process, allowing adaptive refinement of log-likelihood ratio (LLR) statistics and enhancing decoding accuracy across diverse SNR regimes. Extensive experimental results across multiple datasets and channel scenarios demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design. At 10 dB SNR, the DAE–LDPC–OFDM achieves a BER of 1.72% and BLER of 2.95%, outperforming state-of-the-art models such as Transformer–OFDM, CNN–OFDM, and GRU–OFDM by 25–30%, and surpassing traditional LDPC–OFDM systems by 38–42% across all tested datasets. The system also achieves a PAPR reduction of 26.6%, improving transmitter power amplifier efficiency, and maintains a low inference latency of 3.9 ms per frame, validating its suitability for real-time applications. Moreover, it maintains reliable performance under time-varying, interference-rich, and multipath fading channels, confirming its robustness in realistic wireless environments. The results establish the DAE–LDPC–OFDM as a high-performance, power-efficient, and scalable architecture capable of supporting the demands of 6G and beyond, delivering superior reliability, low-latency performance, and energy-efficient communication in next-generation intelligent networks.

Keywords: autoencoder (AE); Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC); orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM); learned belief propagation (BP) decoder; bit error rate (BER); block error rate (BLER); peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR); 5G/6G communication systems; end-to-end optimization

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mohammed, M.; Çevik, M. End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication. Sensors 2025, 25, 6776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216776

AMA Style

Mohammed M, Çevik M. End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication. Sensors. 2025; 25(21):6776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216776

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohammed, Mohaimen, and Mesut Çevik. 2025. "End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication" Sensors 25, no. 21: 6776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216776

APA Style

Mohammed, M., & Çevik, M. (2025). End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication. Sensors, 25(21), 6776. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25216776

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End-to-End DAE–LDPC–OFDM Transceiver with Learned Belief Propagation Decoder for Robust and Power-Efficient Wireless Communication

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