Transformer–CNN Hybrid Framework for Pavement Pothole Segmentation

Pavement surface defects such as potholes pose significant safety risks and accelerate infrastructure deterioration. Accurate and automated detection of such defects requires both advanced sensing technologies and robust deep learning models. In this study, we propose PoFormer, a Transformer–CNN hybrid framework designed for precise segmentation of pavement potholes from heterogeneous image datasets. The architecture leverages the global feature extraction ability of Transformers and the fine-grained localization capability of CNNs, achieving superior segmentation accuracy compared to state-of-the-art models. To construct a representative dataset, we combined open source images with high-resolution field data acquired using a multi-sensor pavement inspection vehicle equipped with a line-scan camera and infrared/laser-assisted lighting. This sensing system provides millimeter-level resolution and continuous 3D surface imaging under diverse environmental conditions, ensuring robust training inputs for deep learning. Experimental results demonstrate that PoFormer achieves a mean IoU of 77.23% and a mean pixel accuracy of 84.48%, outperforming existing CNN-based models. By integrating multi-sensor data acquisition with advanced hybrid neural networks, this work highlights the potential of 3D imaging and sensing technologies for intelligent pavement condition monitoring and automated infrastructure maintenance.