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Sensors
Volume 25
Issue 18
10.3390/s25185705
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

High-Sensitivity MXene-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Dual Rectangular Grooves for Cancer Detection

by
Min Lu
,
Yan He
,
Shuyu Xi
,
Pufan Zhong
,
Yu Zhang
,
He Tian
,
Yongmei Wang
,
Hanglin Lu
,
Junhui Hu
and
Jian Tang
*
University Engineering Research Center of Advanced Functional Materials and Intelligent Sensing, College of Physics and Technology, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(18), 5705; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185705
Submission received: 24 July 2025 / Revised: 25 August 2025 / Accepted: 11 September 2025 / Published: 12 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanofiber-Optic Sensors)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Early detection of cancer remains a key challenge because current SPR-PCF sensors lack both sensitivity and robust light–analyte interaction. To overcome these limitations, this study proposed and validated an SPR biosensor utilizing MXene-functionalized PCF. By introducing a composite structure of MXene nanomaterials and Au, the detection performance of the sensor was significantly improved. The sensor adopts a circular air hole arrangement and double-groove morphology design and leverages MXene’s high conductivity and gold’s chemical stability to simultaneously enhance plasmonic coupling and biocompatibility. Through FEM-based structural optimization of the air hole diameter, Au layer thickness, and groove shape, the sensor exhibited outstanding refractive-index detection performance with a wavelength sensitivity of 11,072 nm/RIU, an impressive quality factor reaching 201.3 RIU−1, and a resolution as fine as 9.03 × 10−6 RIU. The simulation results demonstrated the capability of the sensor to discriminate six distinct cancer-cell types (cervical cancer HeLa, leukemia Jurkat, pheochromocytoma PC-12, triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, and breast cancer MCF-7) with high sensitivity and verify its ability to detect pan-cancer species. This study demonstrates an innovative approach for constructing a high-performance SPR sensing platform that has important application potential in the context of the early detection of multiple cancers.
Keywords: MXene; photonic crystal fiber (PCF); surface plasmon resonance (SPR); finite element method (FEM); biosensors MXene; photonic crystal fiber (PCF); surface plasmon resonance (SPR); finite element method (FEM); biosensors

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Lu, M.; He, Y.; Xi, S.; Zhong, P.; Zhang, Y.; Tian, H.; Wang, Y.; Lu, H.; Hu, J.; Tang, J. High-Sensitivity MXene-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Dual Rectangular Grooves for Cancer Detection. Sensors 2025, 25, 5705. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185705

AMA Style

Lu M, He Y, Xi S, Zhong P, Zhang Y, Tian H, Wang Y, Lu H, Hu J, Tang J. High-Sensitivity MXene-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Dual Rectangular Grooves for Cancer Detection. Sensors. 2025; 25(18):5705. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185705

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu, Min, Yan He, Shuyu Xi, Pufan Zhong, Yu Zhang, He Tian, Yongmei Wang, Hanglin Lu, Junhui Hu, and Jian Tang. 2025. "High-Sensitivity MXene-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Dual Rectangular Grooves for Cancer Detection" Sensors 25, no. 18: 5705. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185705

APA Style

Lu, M., He, Y., Xi, S., Zhong, P., Zhang, Y., Tian, H., Wang, Y., Lu, H., Hu, J., & Tang, J. (2025). High-Sensitivity MXene-Functionalized Photonic Crystal Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor with Dual Rectangular Grooves for Cancer Detection. Sensors, 25(18), 5705. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185705

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