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Article

Research on Soft-Sensing Method Based on Adam-FCNN Inversion in Pichia pastoris Fermentation

by
Bo Wang
,
Wenyu Ma
*,
Hui Jiang
and
Shaowen Huang
School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(13), 4105; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134105
Submission received: 10 April 2025 / Revised: 9 June 2025 / Accepted: 24 June 2025 / Published: 30 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Industrial Sensors)

Abstract

To address the challenges in modeling and optimization caused by nonlinear dynamic coupling and real-time measurement difficulties of key biological parameters in Pichia pastoris fermentation processes, this study proposes a soft-sensing method based on Adam-Fully Connected Neural Network inverse. Firstly, a non-deterministic mechanism model is constructed to characterize the dynamic coupling relationships among multiple variables in the fermentation process, and the reversibility of the system and the construction method of the inverse extended model are analyzed. Further, by leveraging the nonlinear fitting capabilities of the Fully Connected Neural Network to identify the inverse extended model, an adaptive learning rate optimization algorithm is introduced to dynamically adjust the learning rate of the Fully Connected Neural Network, thereby enhancing the convergence and robustness of the nonlinear system. Finally, a composite pseudo-linear system is formed by cascading the inverse model with the original system, achieving decoupling and the high-accuracy prediction of key parameters. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces prediction errors and enhances generalization capabilities compared to traditional models, validating the effectiveness of the proposed method in complex bioprocesses.
Keywords: Adam optimization; Pichia pastoris; FCNN; fermentation; soft-sensing Adam optimization; Pichia pastoris; FCNN; fermentation; soft-sensing

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wang, B.; Ma, W.; Jiang, H.; Huang, S. Research on Soft-Sensing Method Based on Adam-FCNN Inversion in Pichia pastoris Fermentation. Sensors 2025, 25, 4105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134105

AMA Style

Wang B, Ma W, Jiang H, Huang S. Research on Soft-Sensing Method Based on Adam-FCNN Inversion in Pichia pastoris Fermentation. Sensors. 2025; 25(13):4105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134105

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wang, Bo, Wenyu Ma, Hui Jiang, and Shaowen Huang. 2025. "Research on Soft-Sensing Method Based on Adam-FCNN Inversion in Pichia pastoris Fermentation" Sensors 25, no. 13: 4105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134105

APA Style

Wang, B., Ma, W., Jiang, H., & Huang, S. (2025). Research on Soft-Sensing Method Based on Adam-FCNN Inversion in Pichia pastoris Fermentation. Sensors, 25(13), 4105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25134105

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