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Volume 25
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Noise Levels Due to Commercial and Leisure Activities in Urban Areas: Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model Fed with Crowd Density Estimation Using Computer Vision

by
Óscar Ramón-Turner
1,
Jacob D. R. Bordón
1,
Asunción González-Rodríguez
1,
Javier Lorenzo-Navarro
1,
Modesto Castrillón-Santana
1,
Guillermo M. Álamo
1,
Román Quevedo-Reina
1,
Carlos Romero-Sánchez
1,
Antonio T. Ester-Sánchez
2,
Cristina Medina
1,
Fidel García
1,
Orlando Maeso
1 and
Juan J. Aznárez
1,*
1
Instituto Universitario de Sistemas Inteligentes y Aplicaciones Numéricas en Ingeniería, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
2
Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3604; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123604
Submission received: 29 April 2025 / Revised: 31 May 2025 / Accepted: 6 June 2025 / Published: 8 June 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent Sensors)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Noise levels of anthropogenic origin in urban environments have reached thresholds that pose serious public health and quality of life problems. This paper/work aims to examine these noise levels, the underlying causes of their increase and possible solutions through the implementation of predictive models. To address this problem, as a first step, a simplified mathematical model capable of accurately predicting anthropogenic noise levels in a given area is developed. As variables, this model considers the crowd density, estimated using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) capable of detecting people in images, as well as the geometric and architectural characteristics of the environment. To verify the model, several protocols have been developed for collecting experimental data. In a first phase, these experimental measurements were carried out in controlled environments, using loudspeakers as noise sources. In a second phase, these measurements were carried out in real environments, accounting for the specific noise sources present in each setting. The difference in sound levels between the model and reality is proven to be less than 3 dB in 75% and less than 3.5 dB in 100% of the cases examined in a controlled environment. In the real problem, in general terms and taking into account that the study is carried out on pedestrian streets, it seems that the model is able to reproduce most of the noise of anthropogenic origin.
Keywords: urban noise; meshfree methods; noise prediction; leisure noise; noise sensors; crowd density; artificial neural networks; computer vision urban noise; meshfree methods; noise prediction; leisure noise; noise sensors; crowd density; artificial neural networks; computer vision

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Ramón-Turner, Ó.; Bordón, J.D.R.; González-Rodríguez, A.; Lorenzo-Navarro, J.; Castrillón-Santana, M.; Álamo, G.M.; Quevedo-Reina, R.; Romero-Sánchez, C.; Ester-Sánchez, A.T.; Medina, C.; et al. Noise Levels Due to Commercial and Leisure Activities in Urban Areas: Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model Fed with Crowd Density Estimation Using Computer Vision. Sensors 2025, 25, 3604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123604

AMA Style

Ramón-Turner Ó, Bordón JDR, González-Rodríguez A, Lorenzo-Navarro J, Castrillón-Santana M, Álamo GM, Quevedo-Reina R, Romero-Sánchez C, Ester-Sánchez AT, Medina C, et al. Noise Levels Due to Commercial and Leisure Activities in Urban Areas: Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model Fed with Crowd Density Estimation Using Computer Vision. Sensors. 2025; 25(12):3604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123604

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramón-Turner, Óscar, Jacob D. R. Bordón, Asunción González-Rodríguez, Javier Lorenzo-Navarro, Modesto Castrillón-Santana, Guillermo M. Álamo, Román Quevedo-Reina, Carlos Romero-Sánchez, Antonio T. Ester-Sánchez, Cristina Medina, and et al. 2025. "Noise Levels Due to Commercial and Leisure Activities in Urban Areas: Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model Fed with Crowd Density Estimation Using Computer Vision" Sensors 25, no. 12: 3604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123604

APA Style

Ramón-Turner, Ó., Bordón, J. D. R., González-Rodríguez, A., Lorenzo-Navarro, J., Castrillón-Santana, M., Álamo, G. M., Quevedo-Reina, R., Romero-Sánchez, C., Ester-Sánchez, A. T., Medina, C., García, F., Maeso, O., & Aznárez, J. J. (2025). Noise Levels Due to Commercial and Leisure Activities in Urban Areas: Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model Fed with Crowd Density Estimation Using Computer Vision. Sensors, 25(12), 3604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123604

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