In-Match Physical Requirements and Team Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Across a Competitive Season
Abstract
:Highlights
- Total distance covered—especially at low intensity—seems to be the strongest predictor of team performance in CP football over an entire national season.
- No significant differences were found in high-intensity actions or ball contacts between higher- and lower-ranked teams.
- Physical efficiency and movement control, rather than just explosive efforts, appear to be key contributors to competitive success in CP football.
- Coaches and practitioners should prioritize training strategies that enhance sustained physical output and tactical organization.
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedures
- •
- Maximal velocity (km·h−1): The highest recorded movement velocity achieved by the player during the match.
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- Total distance (m): The total meters covered by the player during the match.
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- Walking (m): Distance covered while walking (<6 km·h−1).
- •
- LI running (m): Distance covered at low-intensity running (6–12 km·h−1).
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- MI running (m): Distance covered at moderate-intensity running (12–18 km·h−1).
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- HI running (m): Distance covered at high-intensity running (>18 km·h−1).
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- Ball contacts (n): Total number of contacts with the ball.
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- LI ball contacts (n): Number of low-intensity (ankle velocity < 11 m·s−1 but acceleration > 20 G) contacts with the ball.
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- MI ball contacts (n): Number of moderate-intensity (ankle velocity 11–15 m·s−1) contacts with the ball.
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- HI ball contacts (n): Number of high-intensity (ankle velocity > 15 m·s−1) contacts with the ball.
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- Striking force (km·h−1): Maximum velocity reached during a ball strike in the match.
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- MI accelerations (m): Distance covered with moderate-intensity accelerations (>2 to 3 m·s−2).
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- HI accelerations (m): Distance covered with high-intensity accelerations (>3 m·s−2).
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- MI decelerations (m): Distance covered with moderate-intensity decelerations (<−2 to −3 m·s−2).
- •
- HI decelerations (m): Distance covered with high-intensity decelerations (<−3 m·s−2).
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- Ranking Position: Final standing of the team in the league (from 1st to 7th position).
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- Points: Total number of points accumulated by the team at the end of the season, awarded as follows: 3 points per win, 1 point per draw, and 0 points per loss.
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- Goals For: Total number of goals scored by the team throughout the competition.
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- Goals Against: Total number of goals conceded by the team during the competition.
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- Goal Difference: The difference between goals scored and goals conceded, calculated as Goal Difference = Goals For − Goals Against.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | 1st (n = 9) | 2nd (n = 9) | 3rd (n = 10) | 4th (n = 10) | 5th (n = 9) | 6th (n = 11) | 7th (n = 10) | ηp2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximal velocity (km·h−1) | 22.88 ± 2.33 | 24.33 ± 2.56 | 23.46 ± 1.42 | 23.50 ± 2.53 | 22.96 ± 2.19 | 22.55 ± 2.53 | 22.15 ± 2.59 | 0.08 |
Total distance (m) | 68.44 ± 12.23 | 66.38 ± 11.00 | 65.72 ± 10.83 | 65.17 ± 18.81 | 63.68 ± 12.59 | 54.86 ± 21.58 | 50.06 ± 18.16 | 0.15 |
Walking (m) | 33.16 ± 5.99 | 35.31 ± 4.54 | 32.35 ± 6.64 | 31.31 ± 8.03 | 29.23 ± 5.44 | 27.87 ± 10.01 | 24.68 ± 10.49 | 0.17 |
LI running (m) | 25.88 ± 7.51 | 21.99 ± 6.22 | 23.96 ± 4.74 | 24.26 ± 8.30 | 24.84 ± 5.87 | 20.43 ± 9.34 | 18.53 ± 5.81 | 0.12 |
MI running (m) | 7.13 ± 2.40 | 6.53 ± 2.65 | 7.14 ± 2.19 | 7.22 ± 3.86 | 7.16 ± 3.34 | 4.85 ± 3.40 | 5.11 ± 2.17 | 0.11 |
HI running (m) | 0.19 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.21 ± 0.21 | 0.24 ± 0.23 | 0.32 ± 0.43 | 0.18 ± 0.26 | 0.16 ± 0.18 | 0.08 |
Ball contacts (n) | 0.29 ± 0.19 | 0.36 ± 0.12 | 0.31 ± 0.14 | 0.21 ± 0.11 | 0.29 ± 0.16 | 0.24 ± 0.17 | 0.27 ± 0.35 | 0.05 |
LI ball contacts (n) | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.08 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.10 ± 0.18 | 0.05 |
MI ball contacts (n) | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.13 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.07 ± 0.10 | 0.08 |
HI ball contacts (n) | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.09 | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.09 ± 0.05 | 0.09 ± 0.07 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.11 |
Striking force (km·h−1) | 46.03 ± 8.08 | 55.65 ± 14.59 | 51.19 ± 9.94 | 46.01 ± 8.95 | 44.39 ± 4.24 | 42.63 ± 9.92 | 46.72 ± 7.46 | 0.17 |
MI accelerations (m) | 3.50 ± 1.39 | 3.55 ± 1.16 | 3.29 ± 0.99 | 3.49 ± 1.28 | 3.69 ± 1.90 | 2.91 ± 1.34 | 2.82 ± 1.45 | 0.05 |
HI accelerations (m) | 1.33 ± 0.81 | 1.41 ± 0.74 | 1.44 ± 0.66 | 1.19 ± 0.56 | 1.53 ± 0.87 | 1.11 ± 0.59 | 1.03 ± 0.58 | 0.07 |
MI decelerations (m) | 3.86 ± 1.43 | 3.53 ± 1.14 | 3.85 ± 1.37 | 3.87 ± 1.43 | 4.22 ± 1.39 | 3.20 ± 1.44 | 3.16 ± 1.91 | 0.06 |
HI decelerations (m) | 2.04 ± 1.28 | 1.70 ± 0.62 | 1.77 ± 0.87 | 1.72 ± 1.29 | 2.07 ± 1.33 | 1.54 ± 0.89 | 1.43 ± 0.99 | 0.04 |
Variable | Ranking Position | Points | Goals For | Goals Against | Goal Difference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximal velocity (km·h−1) | −0.68 | 0.78 * | 0.72 | −0.80 * | 0.78 * |
Total distance (m) | −0.91 ** | 0.97 *** | 0.98 *** | −0.98 *** | 0.99 *** |
Walking (m) | −0.94 ** | 0.91 ** | 0.92 ** | −0.89 ** | 0.92 ** |
LI running (m) | −0.71 | 0.81 * | 0.85 * | −0.87 * | 0.87 * |
MI running (m) | −0.70 | 0.91 ** | 0.89 ** | −0.90 ** | 0.91 ** |
HI running (m) | −0.35 | 0.54 | 0.49 | −0.59 | 0.56 |
Ball contacts (n) | −0.51 | 0.46 | 0.49 | −0.28 | 0.37 |
LI ball contacts (n) | −0.04 | −0.10 | −0.09 | 0.42 | −0.30 |
MI ball contacts (n) | −0.54 | 0.52 | 0.65 | −0.58 | 0.61 |
HI ball contacts (n) | −0.41 | 0.40 | 0.35 | −0.28 | 0.31 |
Striking force (km·h−1) | −0.54 | 0.56 | 0.50 | −0.3 | 0.44 |
MI accelerations (m) | −0.67 | 0.86 | 0.84 * | −0.89 ** | 0.89 ** |
HI accelerations (m) | −0.59 | 0.74 | 0.79 * | −0.75 | 0.78 * |
MI decelerations (m) | −0.47 | 0.72 | 0.72 | −0.78 * | 0.77 * |
HI decelerations (m) | −0.60 | 0.69 | 0.76* | −0.71 | 0.74 |
Dependent Variable | Predictor | B | SEB | β | F | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ranking Position | Total Distance (m) | −0.29 | 0.06 | −0.91 | 22.50 ** | 0.82 |
Walking (m) | −0.57 | 0.09 | −0.94 | 36.33 *** | 0.88 # | |
Points | Maximal velocity (km·h−1) | 5.85 | 2.07 | 0.78 | 7.99 * | 0.62 |
Total Distance (m) | 0.76 | 0.08 | 0.97 | 86.73 *** | 0.95 # | |
Walking (m) | 1.37 | 0.27 | 0.91 | 25.24 *** | 0.84 | |
LI running (m) | 1.65 | 0.53 | 0.81 | 9.74 * | 0.66 | |
MI running (m) | 4.72 | 0.96 | 0.91 | 24.13 *** | 0.83 | |
Goals For | Total Distance (m) | 1.27 | 0.11 | 0.98 | 132.02 *** | 0.96 # |
Walking (m) | 2.27 | 0.45 | 0.92 | 25.74 *** | 0.84 | |
LI running (m) | 2.87 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 13.17 * | 0.73 | |
MI running (m) | 7.59 | 1.79 | 0.89 | 17.98 ** | 0.78 | |
MI accelerations (m) | 22.20 | 6.50 | 0.84 | 11.68 * | 0.70 | |
HI accelerations (m) | 37.57 | 13.24 | 0.79 | 8.06 * | 0.62 | |
HI decelerations (m) | 28.26 | 10.97 | 0.76 | 6.64 | 0.57 | |
Goals Against | Maximal velocity (km·h−1) | −16.22 | 5.46 | −0.80 | 8.81 * | 0.64 |
Total Distance (m) | −2.08 | 0.21 | −0.98 | 101.84 *** | 0.95 # | |
Walking (m) | −3.63 | 0.83 | −0.89 | 19.10 ** | 0.79 | |
LI running (m) | −4.76 | 1.26 | −0.86 | 14.35 ** | 0.74 | |
MI running (m) | −12.62 | 2.81 | −0.90 | 20.24 ** | 0.80 | |
MI accelerations (m) | −38.87 | 8.79 | −0.89 | 19.55 ** | 0.80 | |
MI decelerations (m) | −28.95 | 10.55 | −0.78 | 7.53 * | 0.60 | |
Goal Difference | Maximal velocity (km·h−1) | 25.07 | 8.96 | 0.78 | 7.82 * | 0.61 |
Total Distance (m) | 3.35 | 0.14 | 0.99 | 563.60 *** | 0.99 # | |
Walking (m) | 5.89 | 1.16 | 0.92 | 25.90 ** | 0.84 | |
LI running (m) | 7.63 | 1.91 | 0.87 | 15.96 * | 0.76 | |
MI running (m) | 20.22 | 4.20 | 0.91 | 23.22 ** | 0.82 | |
HI accelerations (m) | 96.66 | 34.87 | 0.78 | 7.69 * | 0.61 | |
MI accelerations (m) | 61.07 | 14.24 | 0.89 | 18.40 ** | 0.79 | |
MI decelerations (m) | 45.42 | 16.87 | 0.77 | 7.24 * | 0.59 |
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Maggiolo, J.F.; Javaloyes, A.; Moya-Ramón, M.; Peña-González, I. In-Match Physical Requirements and Team Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Across a Competitive Season. Sensors 2025, 25, 3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103193
Maggiolo JF, Javaloyes A, Moya-Ramón M, Peña-González I. In-Match Physical Requirements and Team Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Across a Competitive Season. Sensors. 2025; 25(10):3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103193
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaggiolo, Juan Francisco, Alejandro Javaloyes, Manuel Moya-Ramón, and Iván Peña-González. 2025. "In-Match Physical Requirements and Team Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Across a Competitive Season" Sensors 25, no. 10: 3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103193
APA StyleMaggiolo, J. F., Javaloyes, A., Moya-Ramón, M., & Peña-González, I. (2025). In-Match Physical Requirements and Team Performance in Cerebral Palsy Football Across a Competitive Season. Sensors, 25(10), 3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103193