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Volume 25
Issue 10
10.3390/s25103177
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications

by
Sheng Zhang
1,2,3,4,†,
Shulan Zhou
1,5,†,
Zhaotao He
1,5,
Oresegun Olakunle Ibrahim
1,2,
Chen Liu
1,3,
Mengwei Wu
4,
Chunge Wang
6 and
Qianqian Wang
1,4,*
1
Ningbo Global Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
3
Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
4
School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
5
Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
6
School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2025, 25(10), 3177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103177
Submission received: 19 April 2025 / Revised: 13 May 2025 / Accepted: 16 May 2025 / Published: 18 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Energy Harvesting and Sensor Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Epidermal sensors are pivotal components of next-generation wearable technologies. They offer transformative potential in health monitoring, motion tracking, and biomedical applications. This potential stems from their ultra-thin design, skin compatibility, and ability to continuously detect physiological signals. The long-term functionality relies on advanced power systems balancing flexibility, energy density, and environmental resilience. This review highlights four key power strategies: chemical batteries, biofuel cells, environmental energy harvesters, and wireless power transfer. Breakthroughs in multidimensional materials address challenges in ion transport, catalytic stability, and mechanical durability. Structural innovations mitigate issues like dendrite growth and enzyme degradation. These systems enable applications spanning biomarker analysis, motion sensing, and environmental monitoring. By integrating these advancements, this review concludes with a prospective outlook on future directions for epidermal sensor power systems.
Keywords: epidermal sensors; flexible power supply; innovative materials; wearable; biomedical application epidermal sensors; flexible power supply; innovative materials; wearable; biomedical application

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, S.; Zhou, S.; He, Z.; Ibrahim, O.O.; Liu, C.; Wu, M.; Wang, C.; Wang, Q. Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications. Sensors 2025, 25, 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103177

AMA Style

Zhang S, Zhou S, He Z, Ibrahim OO, Liu C, Wu M, Wang C, Wang Q. Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications. Sensors. 2025; 25(10):3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103177

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Sheng, Shulan Zhou, Zhaotao He, Oresegun Olakunle Ibrahim, Chen Liu, Mengwei Wu, Chunge Wang, and Qianqian Wang. 2025. "Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications" Sensors 25, no. 10: 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103177

APA Style

Zhang, S., Zhou, S., He, Z., Ibrahim, O. O., Liu, C., Wu, M., Wang, C., & Wang, Q. (2025). Flexible Epidermal Sensor Power Systems: Innovations in Multidimensional Materials and Biomedical Applications. Sensors, 25(10), 3177. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25103177

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