Reconstruction of Radio Environment Map Based on Multi-Source Domain Adaptive of Graph Neural Network for Regression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Introducing multiple different spatial REMs to enhance training data also leads to cross-domain drift issues in graph structure data statistical characteristics. To address this, we introduce the idea of variational graph structure learning into multi-domain adaptation algorithms and design a cross-domain graph structure (GS) alignment module based on the theory of variational information bottleneck. This module is used to learn the spatial graph structure shared information of grid features in source and target REMs.
- (2)
- In the process of multi-source domain adaptation learning, to avoid the problem of suppressing target domain task performance caused by the forced migration of low-correlation grid features from the source domain, we also designed a spatial distribution matching module. This module achieves alignment of source and target domain grid features in the latent space, capturing the domain invariance of cross-domain REM grids. It enhances the generalization capability of the proposed model for predicting RSRP values in target REM grids.
- (3)
- We constructed a semi-supervised learning loss function related to the multi-domain adaptive (MDA) REM prediction task. Specifically, we used grid data with RSRP values from source and target REMs to construct the supervised loss function, ensuring the consistency of the trained model with the given label data. We also used grid data without RSRP values from the target REM to construct a semi-supervised loss function to force the regression model to smoothly fit the RSRP prediction data.
2. Related Works
2.1. Distribution Matching
2.2. Domain Adaptation for Regression
3. Preliminaries
3.1. Graph Structure Representation for REM
3.2. Graph Neural Networks
3.3. Problem Definition
4. Methods
4.1. Graph Structure Learner
4.2. Distribution Learner of Latent Feature
4.3. Graph Structure Alignment
4.4. Spatial Distribution Matching
4.5. Loss Function for Regression
4.6. Overall Loss Function
5. Experiments
5.1. Experiment Setup
5.2. Experimental Results and Analysis
5.2.1. Discussion on the Output Dimensions of Each Network Layer
5.2.2. Discussion on the Effect of Trade-Off Parameters
5.2.3. Discussion on the Performance of Four Prediction Models
6. Conclusions and Future Works
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Type of Clutter | Index | Type of Clutter |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Oceans and Coastlines | 11 | High-rise Urban Buildings (40 m–60 m) |
2 | Lakes and Rivers | 12 | Middle and High-rise Buildings in Urban Areas (20 m–40 m) |
3 | Wetlands and Marshes | 13 | High-density Building Complex (<20 m) in Urban Areas |
4 | Suburban Open Areas | 14 | Multi-story Buildings (<20 m) in Urban Areas |
5 | Urban Open Areas | 15 | Low-density Industrial Building Areas |
6 | Roadside Open Areas | 16 | High-density Industrial Building Areas |
7 | Grasslands or Pastures | 17 | Suburbs |
8 | Shrub Vegetation | 18 | Developed Suburban Areas |
9 | Forest Vegetation | 19 | Rural Areas |
10 | Supertall Urban Buildings (>60 m) | 20 | CBD Commercial Zone |
REM ID | Number of Grids | RSRP Statistical Distribution | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean Value | Variance | ||
I | 2483 | −91.21 dBm | 93.74 dBm |
II | 3327 | −90.75 dBm | 90.74 dBm |
III | 3837 | −90.97 dBm | 88.89 dBm |
IV | 3612 | −88.88 dBm | 86.08 dBm |
V | 2312 | −94.72 dBm | 143.45 dBm |
VI | 2053 | −89.53 dBm | 109.78 dBm |
Methods | Datasets | MAE | RMSE | MAPE(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kriging | REM_VI | 24.45 | 30.11 | 21.15 |
CNN | REM_V, REM_VI | 16.63 | 19.02 | 14.12 |
GNN | REM_V, REM_VI | 15.26 | 18.71 | 13.83 |
REM_I, REM_V, REM_VI | 15.05 | 17.93 | 13.08 | |
GAN-CRME | REM_I, REM_V, REM_VI | 11.45 | 16.03 | 14.16 |
REM_II, REM_III, REM_IV, REM_VI | 8.71 | 12.53 | 10.24 | |
GNN-MDAR | REM_I, REM_V→REM_VI | 10.31 | 13.57 | 8.42 |
REM_II, REM_III, REM_IV→REM_VI | 7.28 | 8.49 | 6.07 |
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Wen, X.; Fang, S.; Fan, Y. Reconstruction of Radio Environment Map Based on Multi-Source Domain Adaptive of Graph Neural Network for Regression. Sensors 2024, 24, 2523. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082523
Wen X, Fang S, Fan Y. Reconstruction of Radio Environment Map Based on Multi-Source Domain Adaptive of Graph Neural Network for Regression. Sensors. 2024; 24(8):2523. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082523
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Xiaomin, Shengliang Fang, and Youchen Fan. 2024. "Reconstruction of Radio Environment Map Based on Multi-Source Domain Adaptive of Graph Neural Network for Regression" Sensors 24, no. 8: 2523. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082523
APA StyleWen, X., Fang, S., & Fan, Y. (2024). Reconstruction of Radio Environment Map Based on Multi-Source Domain Adaptive of Graph Neural Network for Regression. Sensors, 24(8), 2523. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24082523