Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Place of Study: Laboratory of Natural Radiation LNR
2.2. Selection and Preparation of Radon Monitors
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Device | Manufacturer | Detection Principle | Range (Bq/m3) | Sensitivity (cpm at 1 kBq/m3) | Radon Uncertainty (Statistical) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AlphaGUARD 1 | Bertin Instruments (Frankfurt, Germany) | Pulsed Ionization chamber | 2–2 M | 50 | <±10% at 200 Bq/m3 after 1 h |
EcoQube | Ecosense (California, USA) | Pulsed Ion Chamber | 7–3700 | 14 | <±10% at 370 Bq/m3 after 10 h |
RadonEye | FTLab (Asan, South Korea) | Pulsed Ion Chamber | 7–3700 | 14 | <±10% at 370 Bq/m3 after 10 h |
RadonEye Plus2 | 7–9435 | ||||
Spirit | Radonova (Uppsala, Sweden) | Semiconductor detector with alpha spectroscopy | 0–100 k | 40 | <±15% at 200 Bq/m3 after 6 h |
ViewPlus | Airthings (Oslo, Norway) | Photo diode Alpha spectrometry | 0–20 k | no info. | <±10% at 200 Bq/m3 after 7 days |
ViewRadon | |||||
WavePlus |
Device | B (Bq/m3) | SD (B) (Bq/m3) | Δt (min) |
---|---|---|---|
AlphaGUARD | 103 | 68 | 10 |
EcoQube | 20 | 10 | 60 |
RadonEye | 11 | 7 | 60 |
RadonEye Plus2 | 17 | 9 | 60 |
Spirit | 21 | 13 | 10 |
ViewPlus | 18 | 2 | 20 |
ViewRadon | 0 | 0 | 20 |
WavePlus | 0 | 0 | 60 |
Parameter | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|
T (°C) [Room1] | 26.1 | 1.3 | 23.8 | 30.5 |
rH (%) [Room1] | 44.9 | 4.6 | 29.7 | 57.9 |
P (hPa) [Room1] | 940.9 | 2.2 | 935.5 | 947.1 |
T (°C) [Outside] | 23.6 | 6.7 | 10.0 | 40.6 |
rH (%) [Outside] | 46.9 | 23.0 | 9.2 | 95.7 |
P (hPa) [Outside] | 939.0 | 2.2 | 933.7 | 945.1 |
Device | Mean (Bq/m3) | Median (Bq/m3) | IQR (Q3−Q1) (Bq/m3) | Max. (Bq/m3) | Data Lost (%) | D (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AlphaGUARD | 625 | 241 | 379 | 14,687 | 0.0 | - |
EcoQube | 659 | 291 | 464 | 3676 | 18.9 | 5.4 |
RadonEye | 526 | 257 | 332 | 3685 | 2.2 | −15.8 |
RadonEye Plus2 | 566 | 243 | 308 | 9418 | 2.4 | −9.4 |
Spirit | 594 | 239 | 370 | 12,979 | 6.4 | −4.9 |
ViewPlus | 673 | 294 | 414 | 6965 | 1.6 | 7.7 |
ViewRadon | 687 | 322 | 389 | 7900 | 0.8 | 10.0 |
WavePlus | 694 | 343 | 397 | 6782 | 6.1 | 11.0 |
Device | t-Statistic | t-Statistic (p-Value) | Equal Means? | r | r (p-Value) | Correlation? |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EcoQube | −0.70 | 0.50 | yes | 0.78 | <0.0001 | yes |
RadonEye | 2.27 | 0.02 | no | 0.70 | <0.0001 | yes |
RadonEye Plus2 | 1.21 | 0.23 | yes | 0.87 | <0.0001 | yes |
Spirit | 0.41 | 0.68 | yes | 0.90 | <0.0001 | yes |
ViewPlus | −0.96 | 0.34 | yes | 0.64 | <0.0001 | yes |
ViewRadon | −1.24 | 0.21 | yes | 0.63 | <0.0001 | yes |
WavePlus | −1.48 | 0.14 | yes | 0.69 | <0.0001 | yes |
Device | Mean (Bq/m3) | Median (Bq/m3) | IQR (Q3−Q1) (Bq/m3) | Max. (Bq/m3) | D (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AlphaGUARD | 210 | 169 | 418 | 1580 | - |
EcoQube | 274 | 217 | 215 | 1617 | 30.9 |
RadonEye | 236 | 205 | 177 | 1149 | 12.7 |
RadonEye Plus2 | 221 | 184 | 177 | 1241 | 5.6 |
Spirit | 232 | 189 | 210 | 1219 | 10.9 |
ViewPlus | 249 | 217 | 161 | 579 | 18.6 |
ViewRadon | 293 | 268 | 160 | 718 | 39.9 |
WavePlus | 281 | 261 | 170 | 621 | 34.1 |
tr (Increasing) (h) | tr (Decreasing) (h) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Device | 10% | 50% | 90% | 90% | 50% | 10% |
AlphaGUARD | 0.16 | 1.16 | 2.16 | 4.5 | 6 | 8.16 |
EcoQube | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 10 |
RadonEye | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 12 |
RadonEye Plus2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 |
Spirit | 1.16 | 2.66 | 4 | 4.33 | 7.33 | 9.16 |
ViewPlus | 5.66 | - | - | - | - | 26.33 |
ViewRadon | 8.33 | - | - | - | - | 25.33 |
WavePlus | 5 | - | - | - | - | 28 |
tr (Increasing) (h) | tr (Decreasing) (h) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Device | 10% | 50% | 90% | 90% | 50% | 10% |
AlphaGUARD | 1 | 2.16 | 4 | 5 | 6.33 | 9.33 |
EcoQube | 1 | 2 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 13 |
RadonEye | 3 | 4 | - | - | 9 | 11 |
RadonEye Plus2 | 3 | 4 | - | - | 9 | 11 |
Spirit | 0.33 | 2.33 | 4.33 | 5 | 8.66 | 12 |
ViewPlus | 7 | - | - | - | - | - |
ViewRadon | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
WavePlus | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
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Rábago, D.; Fernández, E.; Celaya, S.; Fuente, I.; Fernández, A.; Quindós, J.; Rodriguez, R.; Quindós, L.; Sainz, C. Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions. Sensors 2024, 24, 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061836
Rábago D, Fernández E, Celaya S, Fuente I, Fernández A, Quindós J, Rodriguez R, Quindós L, Sainz C. Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions. Sensors. 2024; 24(6):1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061836
Chicago/Turabian StyleRábago, Daniel, Enrique Fernández, Santiago Celaya, Ismael Fuente, Alicia Fernández, Jorge Quindós, Raúl Rodriguez, Luis Quindós, and Carlos Sainz. 2024. "Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions" Sensors 24, no. 6: 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061836
APA StyleRábago, D., Fernández, E., Celaya, S., Fuente, I., Fernández, A., Quindós, J., Rodriguez, R., Quindós, L., & Sainz, C. (2024). Investigation of the Performance of Various Low-Cost Radon Monitors under Variable Environmental Conditions. Sensors, 24(6), 1836. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24061836