Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Sturdy material supports the soil covering the dome, functioning as essential support for the void’s roof. The span should fall within the limits conducive to arch formation.
- The development of an arching mechanism within the residuum material.
- The formation of a void beneath the arch in the residuum.
- The requirement for a reservoir below the arch to accumulate the material resulting from the arch’s collapse.
- The initiation of a disruptive factor occurs when a void of adequate size forms in the residuum, leading to the collapse of the arch’s roof. Typically, the triggering factor is water infiltration, causing a weakening of the arching soils.
2. Sinkhole Monitoring Methods and Previous Investigations
2.1. Methods of Sinkhole Monitoring
2.2. Previous Investigations of Sinkholes
3. Introduction to the Optical Fibre Sensing Using Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBGs)
4. Materials and Methods
5. Results
6. Discussion
- Addressing the noise issues in the interrogator resolution is crucial to avoid false alarms in the sensing network and to ensure the reliability of collected data. It is essential to recoat the optical fibre cable with a recoating material that can enhance its adhesion to the surrounding soil, which plays a significant role in the overall performance and longevity of the monitoring system.
- Future work should focus on developing real-time monitoring and remote sensing by integrating cloud computing and IoT, enhancing sensor performance through advanced algorithms and wireless technologies, and studying soil variability. Testing these systems in large-scale or field models, interdisciplinary collaboration, and field trials will be essential for advancing these technologies.
7. Conclusions
- Phase 1: Underground cavity formation, determined by the balloon deflation time, produces a stable arch supporting the soil.
- Phase 2: Weathering process characterised by the leaking time (water infiltration) after forming the cavity.
- Phase 3: Collapsing process, during which time the failure was induced.
- Phase 4: Equilibrium period, where the soil mass falls over the sensors and reaches equilibrium.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Scaling Factor (Prototype/Model) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Centrifuge Physical Modelling | 1-g Physical Modelling | ||
Displacement, Length | N | N | |
Mass | N3 | N3 | |
Density | 1 | 1 | |
Stress | 1 | N | |
Strain | 1 | 1 | |
Time | N0.5 | 1 |
Engineering Property | Value |
---|---|
Compaction density | 1548.8 kg m−3 |
Relative density | 60% |
Specific gravity, Gs | 2.67 |
Particle shape | Angular to sub-rounded |
Cohesion, C′ | 0 kPa |
Angle of repose (ϕ) | 37° |
D50 particle diameter | 0.15 mm |
Moisture content | 10% |
Unified soil classification system (USCS) | SP. |
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Yumba, J.; Ferentinou, M.; Grobler, M. Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. Sensors 2024, 24, 6215. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196215
Yumba J, Ferentinou M, Grobler M. Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. Sensors. 2024; 24(19):6215. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196215
Chicago/Turabian StyleYumba, Josué, Maria Ferentinou, and Michael Grobler. 2024. "Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors" Sensors 24, no. 19: 6215. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196215
APA StyleYumba, J., Ferentinou, M., & Grobler, M. (2024). Experimental Study of Sinkhole Propagation Induced by a Leaking Pipe Using Fibre Bragg Grating Sensors. Sensors, 24(19), 6215. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24196215