Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials
2.1. PVDF Transducers and PMC Material
- Six plies of glass fibers 2/2 twill fabric (thickness 0.2 mm, from Gazechim Composites);
- An orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resin (pre-accelerated) Norester 822 for infusion (from Nord Composites), with a degassing pressure of –0.4 bar during 4 min and an injection pressure of –0.8 bar during the LRI;
- 1% wt. of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) ketanox B180 (from C.O.I.M s.p.a.).
2.2. PVDF Transducers and PMC Material
3. Experimental Vibration Setup
4. Nonlinear Methods
4.1. Nonlinear Resonance
4.2. Sub- and Super-Harmonics Generation
4.3. Experimental Protocol
- Send a white noise at 0.5 V (out of amplifier) with a frequency range of 0–1200 Hz;
- Choose six natural frequencies from the FRF to investigate (this choice was made for the healthy plate regarding the results of PVDF and accelerometer in order to observe the best signals, and the same modes were used for the damaged plates);
- ○
- The modes around 105, 160, 420, 540, 720, and 840 Hz;
- ○
- These values are approximate, each plate and test has its own value (Table 2);
- Send a sweep signal with a frequency range of 40 Hz around the natural frequency excited and increase the amplitude of excitation 10 times (from 50 to 500 mV (out of amplifier));
- Send a harmonic signal corresponding to the frequency of the 1st, 2nd, and 4th modes of vibration (caught by the white noise) and their ratios 1/3, 1/2. The excitation level is 1 V (out of amplifier);
- ○
- Around [105, 52.5, 35] Hz, [160, 80, 53.33] Hz and [420, 210, 140] Hz;
- ○
- These values are approximate, each plate and test has its own value (Table 2);
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Nonlinear Resonance
5.1.1. Manufactured Damaged Plates
5.1.2. Plate with Holes
5.1.3. Summary of the NLR Method
5.2. Sub- and Super-Harmonics Generation
- The excitation frequency is 150 Hz = 1/2 × 3rd mode (the 3rd mode natural frequency is 300 Hz):
- The sub-harmonics (1/3 and 1/2): Rpeak is calculated from the amplitude of the output peaks at 75 and 50 Hz;
- The super-harmonics (1.5 and 2.5): Rpeak is calculated from the amplitude of the output peaks at 225 and 375 Hz;
5.2.1. Manufactured Damaged Plates
5.2.2. Plates with a Hole
5.2.3. Summary of the SFE Method
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Description | |
---|---|---|
No damage | Healthy |
|
LRI damaged | DM |
|
DS |
| |
FC |
| |
Hole (mm) damaged | 1.5 |
|
4 |
| |
6 |
| |
10 |
|
Sensor | Natural Frequency | Healthy | DM | DS | FC | Hole (Diameter mm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.5 | 4 | 6 | 10 | ||||||
Accelerometer | 1 | 107.7 | 108.5 | 115.8 | 107.8 | 106.6 | 106.1 | 104.9 | 105.4 |
2 | 169.7 | 167.8 | 169.5 | 151.7 | 165.0 | 155.2 | 158.9 | 158.3 | |
3 | 414.4 | 413.2 | 423.9 | 423.4 | 417.7 | 417.6 | 415.6 | 414.2 | |
4 | 537.2 | 533.8 | 555.6 | 541.6 | 544.1 | 540.4 | 535.3 | 532.8 | |
5 | 730.2 | 720.6 | 760.8 | 732.5 | 730.9 | 731.9 | 728.9 | 727.4 | |
6 | 841.7 | 824.5 | 860.1 | 806.6 | 833.6 | 825.1 | 825.5 | 823.3 | |
PVDF | 1 | 108.4 | 111.5 | 118.6 | 111.5 | 109.6 | 108.4 | 107.4 | 107.3 |
2 | 168.2 | 170.1 | 168.2 | 153.2 | 165.8 | 158.6 | 162.1 | 161.6 | |
3 | 414.2 | 417.2 | 426.8 | 428.4 | 420.4 | 419.2 | 416.6 | 415.6 | |
4 | 535.4 | 532.9 | 556.5 | 542.3 | 546.7 | 542.7 | 537.5 | 534.0 | |
5 | 729.3 | 719.6 | 766.5 | 739.2 | 734.8 | 732.3 | 730.7 | 729.6 | |
6 | 839.0 | 825.3 | 867.0 | 806.7 | 837.2 | 827.1 | 826.9 | 825.8 |
Damage | Natural Frequency | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | |
FC | X | OO | X | X | O | X |
DS | X | X | X | O | X | X |
DM | X | X | X | O | X | O |
Hole | X | O | O | OO | OO | O |
Damage | 1st Frequency | 2nd Frequency | 3rd Frequency | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | |
FC | OO | OO | OO | OO | OO | O | OO | X | OO |
DS | OO | O | OO | OO | OO | X | O | X | OO |
DM | OO | X | OO | OO | OO | X | OO | X | OO |
Hole | X | OO | OO | OO | OO | X | OO | X | OO |
Damage | 1st Frequency | 2nd Frequency | 3rd Frequency | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | |
FC | X | O | O | O | O | X | O | X | X |
DS | X | O | O | O | O | X | O | X | X |
DM | X | O | O | O | O | X | O | X | X |
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Dolbachian, L.; Harizi, W.; Aboura, Z. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers. Sensors 2023, 23, 3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073677
Dolbachian L, Harizi W, Aboura Z. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers. Sensors. 2023; 23(7):3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073677
Chicago/Turabian StyleDolbachian, Loan, Walid Harizi, and Zoheir Aboura. 2023. "Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers" Sensors 23, no. 7: 3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073677
APA StyleDolbachian, L., Harizi, W., & Aboura, Z. (2023). Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Study of Polymer Matrix Composite (PMC) Materials Using Nonlinear Vibration Methods Based on Embedded Piezoelectric Transducers. Sensors, 23(7), 3677. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23073677