Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Applications of Blockchain in 6G Network
1.1.1. Smart Healthcare
1.1.2. Smart Manufacturing
1.1.3. Smart City
1.1.4. Smart Vehicles
1.1.5. Smart Grid
1.1.6. Smart Agriculture
1.2. Motivation
- Most of the existing literature focuses on the role of blockchain in 6G-based applications; however, there are a few research articles available in which the authors studied the drivers, enablers, security requirements, and applicability of blockchain in 6G-based smart applications.
- From the literature review, we observed that no comprehensive work exists that considers the security and privacy challenges of IoT-based public safety applications using blockchain technology.
- Thus, there is a stringent requirement to provide exhaustive work on the applicability of blockchain in IoT-based public safety applications underlying a 6G network.
1.3. Research Contributions
- Through this article, we propose a detailed work on the applicability of blockchain in a 6G network. We also analyze the 6G-based smart applications and discuss how blockchain features provide trust, security, authenticity, confidentiality, and privacy.
- We explore different 6G-network-based services and discuss the influence of blockchain in delivering 6G-based services to various smart applications.
- We consider a blockchain- and 6G-based case study for public safety applications to showcase the adoption of blockchain technology in the 6G network interface. Further, the case study is assessed by considering blockchain scalability, 6G latency, and AI statistical measures parameters.
- Lastly, we perform an in-depth analysis and identify the research challenges of the adoption of blockchain in the 6G network to motivate the researchers working on the same domain.
2. Related Works
Organization
3. Role of Blockchain in 6G Services
3.1. Network Slicing
3.2. Spectrum Sharing
3.3. Data Sharing
3.4. Resource Management
Author | Year | 6G Application | Objective | Implication of Blockchain | Methodology | Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Network slicing | Abdulqadder et al. [39] | 2022 | NFV and SDN | Context-aware authentication handover. | The proposed scheme tackle security, QoS guarantee, and improper resource utilization challenges through network slicing and load balancing. | Generative adversarial network and DAG-blockchain. | Not focused on the privacy threats of the 6G. |
He et al. [40] | 2021 | NFV and SDN | Multi domain network slicing. | Offers end-to-end network slice orchestration services and privacy-preserving scheme for private network. | CoNet consensus algorithm. | The scheme does not consider time complexity for multiparty computation. | |
Chen et al. [41] | 2020 | IoT | Optical network slices for user. | To provide user’s data security and trust. | Blockchain-based optical network slicing approach. | Does not consider other performance evaluation parameters such as throughput, scalability. | |
Spectrum sharing | Liu et al. [48] | 2021 | IoT, cloud | Radio spectrum resource sharing -tructure in eURLLC. | Integrate blockchain with hybrid cloud to register and manage the information of IoT devices. | Reinforcement learning. | Does not discuss energy efficiency. |
Zhang et al. [49] | 2021 | IoT | To manage a large-scale IoT network with heterogeneous devices. | DAG-blockchain for user-autonomy spectrum sharing. | A dynamic tip selection and swarm intelligence method. | Focused on the unlicensed bands. | |
Manogaran Manogaran et al. [50] | 2020 | MTC | Secure reliable service delegation in 6G. | Incorporates blockchain with security measure that provide access control, security, and privacy-preserving for the resources and the users. | Q-learning. | The proposed scheme focused on the virtual resource sharing. | |
Data sharing | Khowaja et al. [51] | 2022 | VSN | Efficient and secure data sharing. | The scheme proposed Hyperledger Fabric for data-sharing security. | Stacked autoencoders and density-based clustering method. | The presented scheme is not able to handle broadcasting security issues. |
Zhang et al. [52] | 2021 | FL | State-channel-based distributed data sharing for sandbox. | They proposed permissioned blockchain with FL for data sharing. | Fine-grained data access control model. | Does not take time complexity and computation overhead. | |
Li et al. [53] | 2020 | VANET | Distributed data storage for vehicles and fine-grained access for VANET data. | They integrated blockchain with ciphertext-based attribute encryption. | HECP-ABE algorithm. | Does not consider data security in term of level of anonymity and stateless access. | |
Resource management | Li et al. [58] | 2022 | MEC and IoT | Intelligent resource allocation. | They incorporate practical Byzantine fault tolerance protocol for the data privacy. | Collective reinforcement learning. | Does not consider the user’s privacy and task offloading scenario when the user is outside of the covered area. |
Jain et al. [59] | 2021 | IoE | Optimal resource allocation. | Introduced blockchain for system’s monitoring, assuring safety, managing, and sharing resources effectively. | Metaheuristic with blockchain. | The proposed scheme does not talk about the computation overhead of the system. | |
Yang et al. [60] | 2020 | MEC and IIoT | To optimize the IIoT device’s energy allocation. | They combined blockchain with MEC to solve the joint optimization problem. | Deep Q-learning. | They do not focus on the network access scenario when large-scale devices are connected. |
4. Case Study: Blockchain, 6G, and UAV-Based Collaborative Architecture for Public Safety Application
4.1. Data Layer
4.2. Intelligence Layer
4.2.1. Dataset Description
4.2.2. ML Classification Approach
4.3. Blockchain Layer
4.4. Application Layer
4.5. Communication Layer
5. Result and Discussion
5.1. Experimental Setup
5.2. Performance Evaluation of the Proposed Architecture
6. Challenges of Adoption of Blockchain in 6G Network
6.1. Storage Capacity
6.2. Poor Efficiency of Consensus Mechanism
6.3. Cross-Network or Cross-Domain Sharing
6.4. Computation Overhead
6.5. Dynamically Changing Environment
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Year | Objective | 6G | Security | Approach | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Xu et al. [33] | 2019 | Smart public safety system. | ✗ | Blockchain. | BlendMAS. | The scheme offers secure and smart data sharing with access control. | Does not yet explore 6G networks. |
Ihinosen et al. [32] | 2020 | Safety and security in rideshare service. | ✗ | Using facial recognition API. | GPS tracking and 2-way rating system. | Developed mobile ridesharing scheme enhance the security | Did not consider latency and delay. |
Fitwi et al. [34] | 2020 | Video surveillance systems security. | ✗ | Blockchain. | Lib-Pri scheme. | The scheme offers real-time video analytics by identifying fugitives using facial features. | Did not consider data confidentiality and scalability. |
Makhdoom et al. [35] | 2021 | To prevent cyberattack incidents. | ✗ | Blockchain. | Blockchain-enabled collaborative intrusion detection systems. | The scheme enabled node and application authorization. | Does not discuss the scalability of the system. |
Wu et al. [36] | 2022 | On-site safety for tower cranes. | ✗ | Blockchain. | Smart contract, consensus, and Hyperledger-Fabric-based framework. | The scheme enhanced the safety performance. | Did not consider latency, throughput, and computation overhead analysis. |
Yu et al. [37] | 2022 | Security and privacy of IIoT data. | ✗ | Blockchain and cryptography. | STCChain. | The scheme prevented data stealing and attacks. | Does not incorporate 6G-based solution. |
Na et al. [38] | 2022 | Crime and accident prevention for autonomous vehicles. | ✗ | Blockchain. | Multisignature-enabled access control using GPS data. | The scheme offers privacy and security of the image and video data with lower latency. | The scheme limits verifying the reliability of GPS data. |
Proposed scheme | 2022 | Public safety to monitor criminal activity. | ✓ | Blockchain. | Layered architecture incorporating blockchain and 6G to detect crime. | The scheme uses different ML classifier to identify the attack and nonattack from the criminal activity dataset. | - |
Hyperparameters Used by ML Classifiers | |
---|---|
ML Classifiers | Parameters Used |
XGBoost | n_estimators: 100, learning_rate: 0.1, max_depth: 1 |
RF | n_estimators: 200, max_depth: 5 |
KNN | n_neighbors: 5, weights: ‘uniform’ |
LR | random_state:1, solver: ‘lbfgs’, max_iter: 100 |
SVM | gamma: ‘auto’, probability: True, kernel: [‘rbf’,‘linear’] |
Communication Layer Parameters | |
Frequency range | 75–110 GHz |
Sub-carrier spacing | 240 KHz |
Channel coding | Polar coding |
Channel fading | com.Rayleigh fading channel |
Modulation | OFDMA |
Blockchain Layer Parameters | |
Compiler language | Solidity |
Network | Rinkeby’s |
Environment | Remix VM |
Accuracy (%) | Precision (%) | Recall (%) | F1 Score (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
XGBoost | 87.93 | 85.45 | 80.32 | 83.23 |
RF | 80.63 | 79.34 | 76.21 | 74.43 |
KNN | 72.06 | 71.21 | 69.32 | 70.21 |
LR | 59.68 | 55.43 | 51.22 | 52.10 |
SVM | 55.87 | 52.32 | 50.32 | 51.21 |
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Rathod, T.; Jadav, N.K.; Tanwar, S.; Sharma, R.; Tolba, A.; Raboaca, M.S.; Marina, V.; Said, W. Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks. Sensors 2023, 23, 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020969
Rathod T, Jadav NK, Tanwar S, Sharma R, Tolba A, Raboaca MS, Marina V, Said W. Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks. Sensors. 2023; 23(2):969. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020969
Chicago/Turabian StyleRathod, Tejal, Nilesh Kumar Jadav, Sudeep Tanwar, Ravi Sharma, Amr Tolba, Maria Simona Raboaca, Verdes Marina, and Wael Said. 2023. "Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks" Sensors 23, no. 2: 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020969
APA StyleRathod, T., Jadav, N. K., Tanwar, S., Sharma, R., Tolba, A., Raboaca, M. S., Marina, V., & Said, W. (2023). Blockchain-Driven Intelligent Scheme for IoT-Based Public Safety System beyond 5G Networks. Sensors, 23(2), 969. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020969