Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Measuring Principle and Method Overview
2.1. Bioradar Measuring Principle
2.2. Workflow and Outline of this Contribution
3. Data Collection
3.1. Experiment
3.2. Obtaining Multiple Virtual Scenes Using Multipath-Reflections
4. Feature Extraction
4.1. Physical Features Related to Respiratory Rate
4.2. Statistical Features
4.3. Summary and Analysis of Extracted Features
5. Feature Selection
5.1. Basics of One-Way ANOVA
5.2. Basics of MRMR
5.3. Ranking Results of Feature Importance
5.4. Investigate the Classification Accuracy of the Trained Models
6. Results and Discussions
6.1. Hyperplane of Solved SVM Model
6.2. Impact of Prominence Ratio on False Rate
6.3. Effect of Body Position on Breathing Detection in This Particular Experiment
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Feature Notation | Type | Meaning | With Person | Without Person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | PR(f_fft) | phy. FD-P | prominence ratio in dB | 15.52 dB | 4.26 dB | 9.89 dB | 2.96 dB |
2 | std(f_cwt) | stat. TFD-P | standard deviation of f_cwt | 0.09 Hz | 0.07 Hz | 0.19 Hz | 0.03 Hz |
3 | f_fft | phy. FD-F | frequency with max(FFT) | 0.22 Hz | 0.08 Hz | 0.18 Hz | 0.12 Hz |
4 | f_cwt_mean | stat. TFD-F | mean value of f_cwt | 0.28 Hz | 0.08 Hz | 0.51 Hz | 0.06 Hz |
5 | f_cwt_mode | phy. TFD-F | mode value of f_cwt | 0.24 Hz | 0.10 Hz | 0.46 Hz | 0.19 Hz |
6 | TD_cwt_mean | stat. TFD-T | norm. duration of f_cwt_mean | 62.9% | 37.1% | 17.2% | 9.4% |
7 | TD_cwt_mode | phy. TFD-T | norm. duration of f_cwt_mode | 71.2% | 26.8% | 25.2% | 8.7% |
8 | f(fft, cwt_mean) | stat. F2 | norm. diff. btw. f_fft and f_cwt_mean | 29.8% | 35.2% | 101.7% | 30.2% |
9 | f(fft, cwt_mode) | stat. F2 | norm. diff. btw. f_fft and f_cwt_mode | 23.9% | 34.1% | 88.2% | 41.7% |
Ranking | One-Way ANOVA | MRMR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Feature | Score | Feature | Score | |
1 | f(fft, cwt_mean) | Inf. | f_cwt_mean | 0.51 |
2 | TD_cwt_mode | Inf. | PR(f_fft) | 0.42 |
3 | f_cwt_mean | Inf. | TD_cwt_mode | 0.36 |
4 | std(f_cwt) | 687.98 | f(fft, cwt_mode) | 0.34 |
5 | TD_cwt_mean | 604.74 | std(f_cwt) | 0.32 |
6 | f(fft, cwt_mode) | 580.65 | f(fft, cwt_mean) | 0.29 |
7 | PR(f_fft) | 510.40 | f_cwt_mode | 0.28 |
8 | f_cwt_mode | 467.40 | TD_cwt_mean | 0.24 |
9 | f_fft | 33.26 | f_fft | 0.12 |
2D-LSVM | 3D-LSVM | 4D-LSVM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
s | b | s | b | s | b | |||
0.11 | −0.17 | 0.25 | −0.62 | 0.43 | −0.69 | |||
feature | ||||||||
PR(f_fft) | 12.58 | 4.60 | −0.09 | −0.19 | −0.31 | |||
f_cwt_mean | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.50 | 0.79 | |||
TD_cwt_mode | 0.47 | 0.30 | / | −0.26 | −0.41 | |||
f(fft, cwt_mean) | 0.67 | 0.49 | / | / | 0.18 | |||
accuracy | / | 94.6% | 95.2% | 95.7% |
PR(f_fft) | f_cwt_mean | TD_cwt_mode | f(fft, cwt_mean) | Prediction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
range-1 | 13.39 | 0.32 | 0.37 | 1.08 | −1.25 | with person |
range-2 | 17.83 | 0.34 | 0.70 | 0.11 | −3.62 | with person |
range-3 | 16.28 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.05 | −3.66 | with person |
range-4 | 14.54 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.05 | −3.55 | with person |
range-5 | 17.25 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.28 | −0.72 | with person |
PR(f_fft) | f_cwt_mean | TD_cwt_mode | f(fft, cwt_mean) | Prediction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
range-1 | 10.20 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 0.81 | 1.24 | without person |
range-2 | 11.59 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 1.14 | −0.46 | with person |
range-3 | 10.67 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.97 | 1.04 | without person |
range-4 | 11.35 | 0.55 | 0.26 | 0.81 | 2.27 | without person |
range-5 | 11.12 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 1.38 | 2.53 | without person |
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Shi, D.; Gidion, G.; Reindl, L.M.; Rupitsch, S.J. Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals. Sensors 2023, 23, 6771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156771
Shi D, Gidion G, Reindl LM, Rupitsch SJ. Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals. Sensors. 2023; 23(15):6771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156771
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Di, Gunnar Gidion, Leonhard M. Reindl, and Stefan J. Rupitsch. 2023. "Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals" Sensors 23, no. 15: 6771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156771
APA StyleShi, D., Gidion, G., Reindl, L. M., & Rupitsch, S. J. (2023). Automatic Life Detection Based on Efficient Features of Ground-Penetrating Rescue Radar Signals. Sensors, 23(15), 6771. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156771