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Volume 23
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10.3390/s23156749
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Article

IoT System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Hot Spot Detection in Photovoltaic Modules for a Wide Range of Irradiances

by
Leonardo Cardinale-Villalobos
1,*,†,
Efren Jimenez-Delgado
2,*,†,
Yariel García-Ramírez
1,
Luis Araya-Solano
3,
Luis Antonio Solís-García
1,
Abel Méndez-Porras
2 and
Jorge Alfaro-Velasco
2
1
School of Electronic Engineering, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
2
School of Computer Engineering, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
3
School of Physics, Costa Rica Institute of Technology, Cartago 159-7050, Costa Rica
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2023, 23(15), 6749; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156749
Submission received: 16 June 2023 / Revised: 15 July 2023 / Accepted: 26 July 2023 / Published: 28 July 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities: Sensors and IoT)
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Abstract

Infrared thermography (IRT) is a technique used to diagnose Photovoltaic (PV) installations to detect sub-optimal conditions. The increase of PV installations in smart cities has generated the search for technology that improves the use of IRT, which requires irradiance conditions to be greater than 700 W/m2, making it impossible to use at times when irradiance goes under that value. This project presents an IoT platform working on artificial intelligence (AI) which automatically detects hot spots in PV modules by analyzing the temperature differentials between modules exposed to irradiances greater than 300 W/m2. For this purpose, two AI (Deep learning and machine learning) were trained and tested in a real PV installation where hot spots were induced. The system was able to detect hot spots with a sensitivity of 0.995 and an accuracy of 0.923 under dirty, short-circuited, and partially shaded conditions. This project differs from others because it proposes an alternative to facilitate the implementation of diagnostics with IRT and evaluates the real temperatures of PV modules, which represents a potential economic saving for PV installation managers and inspectors.
Keywords: IoT System; infrared thermography; deep learning; machine learning; random forest; Mobilenet; Resnet50; photovoltaic installation IoT System; infrared thermography; deep learning; machine learning; random forest; Mobilenet; Resnet50; photovoltaic installation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cardinale-Villalobos, L.; Jimenez-Delgado, E.; García-Ramírez, Y.; Araya-Solano, L.; Solís-García, L.A.; Méndez-Porras, A.; Alfaro-Velasco, J. IoT System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Hot Spot Detection in Photovoltaic Modules for a Wide Range of Irradiances. Sensors 2023, 23, 6749. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156749

AMA Style

Cardinale-Villalobos L, Jimenez-Delgado E, García-Ramírez Y, Araya-Solano L, Solís-García LA, Méndez-Porras A, Alfaro-Velasco J. IoT System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Hot Spot Detection in Photovoltaic Modules for a Wide Range of Irradiances. Sensors. 2023; 23(15):6749. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156749

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cardinale-Villalobos, Leonardo, Efren Jimenez-Delgado, Yariel García-Ramírez, Luis Araya-Solano, Luis Antonio Solís-García, Abel Méndez-Porras, and Jorge Alfaro-Velasco. 2023. "IoT System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Hot Spot Detection in Photovoltaic Modules for a Wide Range of Irradiances" Sensors 23, no. 15: 6749. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156749

APA Style

Cardinale-Villalobos, L., Jimenez-Delgado, E., García-Ramírez, Y., Araya-Solano, L., Solís-García, L. A., Méndez-Porras, A., & Alfaro-Velasco, J. (2023). IoT System Based on Artificial Intelligence for Hot Spot Detection in Photovoltaic Modules for a Wide Range of Irradiances. Sensors, 23(15), 6749. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23156749

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