Detection and Prediction of the Early Thermal Runaway and Control of the Li-Ion Battery by the Embedded Temperature Sensor Array
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ceramics Preparation
2.2. Sensor Preparation
2.3. Measurement and Characterization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PTCR Properties
3.1.1. Ceramics
3.1.2. Temperature Sensor Array
3.2. Static Measurement Inside the Battery
3.3. Dynamic Measurement Inside the Battery
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | ρ25 (Ωcm) | Tc (°C) | T1 (°C) | ΔT (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | 2.3 × 105 | 70 | 80.1 | −7.6 |
b | 8.9 × 105 | 80 | 88.6 | −20.4 |
c | 1.4 × 106 | 90 | 94.4 | −6.7 |
d | 8.1 × 103 | 67 | 71.9 | −3.3 |
Test Batteries | Capacity | SOC | Thermal Runaway Triggers | Temperature Rise Rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pouch cell [29] | 24 Ah | 100% | Thermal abuse | <0.01 °C/min (T<~70 °C) <1 °C/s (~70 °C < T< ~210 °C) | |
Cylindrical cell [39] | 14,500: 900 mAh; 18,650: 1100 mAh; 26,650: 2500 mAh; 26,650: 3000 mAh | 100% | Thermal abuse | ≤~1 °C/min (T < 100 °C) | |
Prismatic cell [40] | 25 Ah | 100% | Thermal abuse | ≤0.1 °C/min (50 °C < T < 150 °C) | |
Pouch cell [41] | 7800 mAh | 100% | Thermal abuse | <0.02 °C/min (T < ~84.17 °C) <1 °C/min (~84.17–35.88 °C) | |
Prismatic cell, Pouch cell [42] | 40 Ah (both) | prismatic cell: 148% pouch cell: 154.6% | Electrical abuse | Prismatic cell: ~5.8 °C/min (74–99 °C) | Pouch cell: ~11.2 °C/min (55–93 °C) |
Cylindrical cell [17] | 3200 mAh | - | Electrical abuse | ~1.1 °C/min (~20 °C < T< ~60 °C) |
Environment Temperature | 55 °C | 60 °C | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Process | 2C Charging | 2C Discharging | 2.5C Charging | 2.5C Discharging |
Tmax (°C) | 63.7 | 63.3 | 70.2 | 69.3 |
Rmax (×103 Ω) | 0.86 | 0.82 | 3.03 | 2.22 |
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Zhang, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, W.; Yu, P. Detection and Prediction of the Early Thermal Runaway and Control of the Li-Ion Battery by the Embedded Temperature Sensor Array. Sensors 2023, 23, 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115049
Zhang H, Zhang X, Wang W, Yu P. Detection and Prediction of the Early Thermal Runaway and Control of the Li-Ion Battery by the Embedded Temperature Sensor Array. Sensors. 2023; 23(11):5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115049
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hengyi, Xiaoshan Zhang, Wenwu Wang, and Ping Yu. 2023. "Detection and Prediction of the Early Thermal Runaway and Control of the Li-Ion Battery by the Embedded Temperature Sensor Array" Sensors 23, no. 11: 5049. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115049