Feasibility of Ultra-Short-Term Analysis of Heart Rate and Systolic Arterial Pressure Variability at Rest and during Stress via Time-Domain and Entropy-Based Measures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Protocol
- A resting condition (R1) with the subject laying in the supine position for 15 min, in order to stabilize the physiological signals on a baseline level;
- A head-up tilt (T) test aimed at evoking mild orthostatic stress by inclining the motorized table by 45 degrees for 8 min;
- Another resting condition (R2) with the subject laying in the supine position for 10 min, in order to restore the physiological parameters to their baseline values;
- A 6 min long mental arithmetic (M) task aimed to evoke cognitive load (i.e., mental stress), during which subjects were asked to mentally calculate the sum of three digits in the least possible time, indicating whether the result was an even or odd number.
2.2. Time Series Extraction
2.3. Time-Domain Analysis
2.4. Information Domain Analysis
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Time-Domain Analysis
3.2. Information Domain Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Time-Domain Analyses on ST Series
4.2. Information Domain Analyses on ST Series
4.3. Ultra-Short-Term versus Short-Term Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Volpes, G.; Barà, C.; Busacca, A.; Stivala, S.; Javorka, M.; Faes, L.; Pernice, R. Feasibility of Ultra-Short-Term Analysis of Heart Rate and Systolic Arterial Pressure Variability at Rest and during Stress via Time-Domain and Entropy-Based Measures. Sensors 2022, 22, 9149. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239149
Volpes G, Barà C, Busacca A, Stivala S, Javorka M, Faes L, Pernice R. Feasibility of Ultra-Short-Term Analysis of Heart Rate and Systolic Arterial Pressure Variability at Rest and during Stress via Time-Domain and Entropy-Based Measures. Sensors. 2022; 22(23):9149. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239149
Chicago/Turabian StyleVolpes, Gabriele, Chiara Barà, Alessandro Busacca, Salvatore Stivala, Michal Javorka, Luca Faes, and Riccardo Pernice. 2022. "Feasibility of Ultra-Short-Term Analysis of Heart Rate and Systolic Arterial Pressure Variability at Rest and during Stress via Time-Domain and Entropy-Based Measures" Sensors 22, no. 23: 9149. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239149
APA StyleVolpes, G., Barà, C., Busacca, A., Stivala, S., Javorka, M., Faes, L., & Pernice, R. (2022). Feasibility of Ultra-Short-Term Analysis of Heart Rate and Systolic Arterial Pressure Variability at Rest and during Stress via Time-Domain and Entropy-Based Measures. Sensors, 22(23), 9149. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239149