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Article

A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results

by
Yibo Sun
1,2,3,4,
Junyong Ma
1,2,3,
Bilige Sude
1,2,3,4,*,
Xingwen Lin
5,
Haolu Shang
6,
Bing Geng
7,
Zhaoyan Diao
1,2,3,
Jiaqiang Du
1,2,3 and
Zhanjun Quan
8,*
1
Institute of Ecological Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
3
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Processes and Functions Assessment, Beijing 100012, China
4
Integrated Ecological Observation and Research Station of Jinggangshan, Jinggangshan 343699, China
5
Collage of Geography and Environment Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
6
Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100028, China
7
Research Institute for Eco-Civilization, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing 100028, China
8
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2021, 21(2), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403
Submission received: 2 December 2020 / Revised: 31 December 2020 / Accepted: 5 January 2021 / Published: 8 January 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensors for Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Related Technologies)
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Abstract

Airborne eddy covariance (EC) measurement is one of the most effective methods to directly measure the surface mass and energy fluxes at the regional scale. It offers the possibility to bridge the scale gap between local- and global-scale measurements by ground-based sites and remote-sensing instrumentations, and to validate the surface fluxes estimated by satellite products or process-based models. In this study, we developed an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based EC system that can be operated to measure the turbulent fluxes in carbon dioxides, momentum, latent and sensible heat, as well as net radiation and photosynthetically active radiation. Flight tests of the developed UAV-based EC system over land were conducted in October 2020 in Inner Mongolia, China. The in-flight calibration was firstly conducted to correct the mounting error. Then, three flight comparison tests were performed, and we compared the measurement with those from a ground tower. The results, along with power spectral comparison and consideration of the differing measurement strategies indicate that the system can resolve the turbulent fluxes in the encountered measurement condition. Lastly, the challenges of the UAV-based EC method were discussed, and potential improvements with further development were explored. The results of this paper reveal the considerable potential of the UAV-based EC method for land surface process studies.
Keywords: unmanned aerial vehicle; airborne eddy covariance; wind speed measurement; turbulent fluxes unmanned aerial vehicle; airborne eddy covariance; wind speed measurement; turbulent fluxes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Sun, Y.; Ma, J.; Sude, B.; Lin, X.; Shang, H.; Geng, B.; Diao, Z.; Du, J.; Quan, Z. A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results. Sensors 2021, 21, 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403

AMA Style

Sun Y, Ma J, Sude B, Lin X, Shang H, Geng B, Diao Z, Du J, Quan Z. A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results. Sensors. 2021; 21(2):403. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sun, Yibo, Junyong Ma, Bilige Sude, Xingwen Lin, Haolu Shang, Bing Geng, Zhaoyan Diao, Jiaqiang Du, and Zhanjun Quan. 2021. "A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results" Sensors 21, no. 2: 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403

APA Style

Sun, Y., Ma, J., Sude, B., Lin, X., Shang, H., Geng, B., Diao, Z., Du, J., & Quan, Z. (2021). A UAV-Based Eddy Covariance System for Measurement of Mass and Energy Exchange of the Ecosystem: Preliminary Results. Sensors, 21(2), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21020403

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