Bridge Displacement Estimation Using a Co-Located Acceleration and Strain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Proposed Approach
2.1. Overview
2.2. Strain-Displacement Relationship for a Simple Beam
2.3. Referecnce Free Callibration
2.4. State Space Formulation for Displacment Fusion
2.5. Adaptive Kalman filter (AKF)
3. Numerical Validation
3.1. Numerical Setup
3.2. Results and Discussion
3.3. Validation of Robustness of Proposed Method
- The proposed method can estimate the vertical displacement of a simply supported beam using a single strain and acceleration measurement at the mid-span point.
- The proposed method reliably estimates vertical displacement, regardless of the noise in strain measurement, by using adaptive filtering
4. Experimental Validation
4.1. Expereimental Setup
4.2. Results
5. Conclusions
- A reference-free displacement estimation method using strain and co-located acceleration measurements is developed.
- Numerical simulations were conducted on a simple beam structure under four different cases of RMS noise for strain measurement (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The resulting errors were only 4.64, 6.59, 7.42, and 8.06%, respectively, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed method to strain noise.
- The proposed method provides stable responses, regardless of the initial value of strain noise covariance.
- A field applicability test was conducted on a concrete bridge with a truck travelling across it at two different speeds (i.e., 5 km/h and 15 km/h); the proposed method estimated the peak deflection of the bridge with errors of 6.1% and 1.73% for the two speeds, respectively, demonstrating good performance for full-scale bridge displacement measurement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Altunisik, A.C.; Bayraktar, A.; Ozdemir, H. Seismic safety assessment of eynel highway steel bridge using ambient vibration measurements. Smart Struct. Syst. 2012, 10, 131–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bani-Hani, K.A.; Zibdeh, H.S.; Hamdaoui, K. Health monitoring of a historical monument in Jordan based on ambient vibration test. Smart Struct. Syst. 2008, 4, 195–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gavin, H.P.; Morales, R.; Reilly, K. Drift-free integrators. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1998, 69, 2171–2175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castellini, P.; Martarelli, M.; Tomasini, E.P. Laser Doppler Vibrometry: Development of advanced solutions answering to technology’s needs. Mech. Syst. Sig. Process 2006, 20, 1265–1285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hannan, M.A.; Hassan, K.; Jern, K.P. A review on sensors and systems in structural health monitoring: current issues and challenges. Smart Struct. Syst. 2018, 22, 509–525. [Google Scholar]
- Nassif, H.H.; Gindy, M.; Davis, J. Comparison of laser Doppler vibrometer with contact sensors for monitoring bridge deflection and vibration. NDT E Int. 2005, 38, 213–218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, S.; Sim, S.-H.; Park, J.-W.; Lee, J. Extension of indirect displacement estimation method using acceleration and strain to various types of beam structures. Smart Struct. Syst. 2014, 14, 699–718. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Park, J.; Sim, S.; Jung, H. Displacement Estimation Using Multimetric Data Fusion. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatron. 2013, 18, 1675–1682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smyth, A.; Wu, M. Multi-rate Kalman filtering for the data fusion of displacement and acceleration response measurements in dynamic system monitoring. Mech. Syst. Sig. Process 2007, 21, 706–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, B.; Choudhury, D.R.; Kumar, A. On the design of linear phase, FIR integrators for midband frequencies. IEEE Trans. Signal Process 1996, 44, 2391–2395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.S.; Hong, Y.H.; Park, H.W. Design of an FIR filter for the displacement reconstruction using measured acceleration in low-frequency dominant structures. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2010, 82, 403–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, Y.H.; Kim, H.-K.; Lee, H.S. Reconstruction of dynamic displacement and velocity from measured accelerations using the variational statement of an inverse problem. J. Sound Vib. 2010, 329, 4980–5003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gomez, F.; Park, J.-W.; Spencer, B.F. Reference-free structural dynamic displacement estimation method. Struct. Control Health Monit. 2018, 25, e2209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, B.; Ozdagli, A.I.; Moreu, F. Direct reference-free measurement of displacements for railroad bridge management. Struct. Control Health Monit. 2018, 25, e2241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, S.; Yun, C.-B.; Sim, S.-H. Displacement estimation of bridge structures using data fusion of acceleration and strain measurement incorporating finite element model. Smart Struct. Syst. 2015, 15, 645–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, B.; Ozdagli, A.I.; Moreu, F.; Chi, Q. Hybrid reference-free total displacement for railroad bridge campaign monitoring. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2019, 30, 095901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.-C.; Geng, D.; Ren, W.-X.; Liu, H.-T. Strain modes based dynamic displacement estimation of beam structures with strain sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2014, 23, 125045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, C.S.; Chen, B.L.; Liaw, S.K. An FBG-Based Impact Event Detection System for Structural Health Monitoring. Adv. Civil Eng. 2010, 10, 253274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rodrigues, C.; Félix, C.; Lage, A.; Figueiras, J. Development of a long-term monitoring system based on FBG sensors applied to concrete bridges. Eng. Struct. 2010, 32, 1993–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rapp, S.; Kang, L.-H.; Han, J.-H.; Mueller, U.C.; Baier, H. Displacement field estimation for a two-dimensional structure using fiber Bragg grating sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2009, 18, 025006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Koo, G.; Kim, K.; Chung, J.Y.; Choi, J.; Kwon, N.-Y.; Kang, D.-Y.; Sohn, H. Development of a High Precision Displacement Measurement System by Fusing a Low Cost RTK-GPS Sensor and a Force Feedback Accelerometer for Infrastructure Monitoring. Sensors 2017, 17, 2745. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kim, K.; Kim, J.; Sohn, H. Development and full-scale dynamic test of a combined system of heterogeneous laser sensors for structural displacement measurement. Smart Mater. Struct. 2016, 25, 065015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.; Sohn, H. Dynamic displacement estimation by fusing LDV and LiDAR measurements via smoothing based Kalman filtering. Mech. Syst. Sig. Process 2017, 82, 339–355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohamed, A.H.; Schwarz, K.P. Adaptive Kalman Filtering for INS/GPS. J. Geodesy 1999, 73, 193–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S. An adaptive Kalman filter for dynamic estimation of harmonic signals. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, Athens, Greece, 14–16 October 1998; Volume 2, pp. 636–640. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, Q. Adaptive Kalman filter for actuator fault diagnosis. Automatica 2018, 93, 333–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, S.; Park, J.-W.; Palanisamy, R.P.; Sim, S.-H. Reference-Free Displacement Estimation of Bridges Using Kalman Filter-Based Multimetric Data Fusion. Available online: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2016/3791856/ (accessed on 6 November 2019).
- Choi, K.-S.; Huh, Y.-H.; Kwon, I.-B.; Yoon, D.-J. A tip deflection calculation method for a wind turbine blade using temperature compensated FBG sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2012, 21, 025008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.-W.; Moon, D.-S.; Sim, S.-H.; Spencer, B.F. Equivalent neutral axis for structural condition assessment using multi-sensor fusion. Eng. Struct. 2019, 197, 109350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akhlaghi, S.; Zhou, N.; Huang, Z. Adaptive adjustment of noise covariance in Kalman filter for dynamic state estimation. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting, Chicago, IL, USA, 16–20 July 2017; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
Initialization at time step t0 = 0: |
, |
, |
At time , for k = 1, 2, 3…, Nt: |
Prediction stage for states:
|
Correction step for estimated states: |
|
Properties | Values |
---|---|
Length | 50 m |
Depth | 2 m |
Width | 5 m |
Mass Density | 7850 kg/m3 |
Elastic Modulus | 200 Gpa |
Strain Noise Percentage | Case 1: 5% | Case 2: 10% | Case 3: 15% | Case 4: 20% |
---|---|---|---|---|
Error | 0.0464 | 0.0659 | 0.0742 | 0.0806 |
Loading Case | Reference | Proposed Method | Error |
---|---|---|---|
5 km/h | 3.568 mm | 3.786 mm | 0.061 |
15 km/h | 3.638 mm | 3.701 mm | 0.017 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sarwar, M.Z.; Park, J.-W. Bridge Displacement Estimation Using a Co-Located Acceleration and Strain. Sensors 2020, 20, 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041109
Sarwar MZ, Park J-W. Bridge Displacement Estimation Using a Co-Located Acceleration and Strain. Sensors. 2020; 20(4):1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041109
Chicago/Turabian StyleSarwar, Muhammad Zohaib, and Jong-Woong Park. 2020. "Bridge Displacement Estimation Using a Co-Located Acceleration and Strain" Sensors 20, no. 4: 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041109
APA StyleSarwar, M. Z., & Park, J.-W. (2020). Bridge Displacement Estimation Using a Co-Located Acceleration and Strain. Sensors, 20(4), 1109. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041109