Figure 1.
Block diagram of the DCO-OFDM signaling scheme.
Figure 1.
Block diagram of the DCO-OFDM signaling scheme.
Figure 2.
Block diagram of LACO-OFDM signaling with L layers.
Figure 2.
Block diagram of LACO-OFDM signaling with L layers.
Figure 3.
Iterative LACO-OFDM signal detection at the Rx with L layers.
Figure 3.
Iterative LACO-OFDM signal detection at the Rx with L layers.
Figure 4.
I-V characteristics of the LED [
43]. Blue curve: real characteristic; red line: approximate linearized characteristic with
V,
V,
mA,
mA.
Figure 4.
I-V characteristics of the LED [
43]. Blue curve: real characteristic; red line: approximate linearized characteristic with
V,
V,
mA,
mA.
Figure 5.
BER comparison of OOK and 4-QAM DCO-OFDM for mW. . , 3, 5, 7, and 9, for , 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 5.
BER comparison of OOK and 4-QAM DCO-OFDM for mW. . , 3, 5, 7, and 9, for , 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 6.
Contrasting clipping effect on DCO-, ACO-, and LACO-OFDM BER performances for and 70 m. Mbps, , .
Figure 6.
Contrasting clipping effect on DCO-, ACO-, and LACO-OFDM BER performances for and 70 m. Mbps, , .
Figure 7.
Comparison of BER performance versus the link range Z and the transmit electrical power of the three transmission schemes taking into account the LED DR and signal clipping. , , 20, and 28, for data rates of (a) 20, (b) 50, and (c) 100 Mbps, bps/Hz.
Figure 7.
Comparison of BER performance versus the link range Z and the transmit electrical power of the three transmission schemes taking into account the LED DR and signal clipping. , , 20, and 28, for data rates of (a) 20, (b) 50, and (c) 100 Mbps, bps/Hz.
Figure 8.
BER performance as a function of distance for DCO-, ACO-, and LACO-OFDM. mW, ; , 20, and 28, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 8.
BER performance as a function of distance for DCO-, ACO-, and LACO-OFDM. mW, ; , 20, and 28, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 9.
BER as a function of
Z for ACO-, LACO-, and DCO-OFDM, with
, 80, and 185 mW, respectively.
, 50, and 100 Mbps;
N and
as in
Figure 8,
bps/Hz.
Figure 9.
BER as a function of
Z for ACO-, LACO-, and DCO-OFDM, with
, 80, and 185 mW, respectively.
, 50, and 100 Mbps;
N and
as in
Figure 8,
bps/Hz.
Figure 10.
BER performance as a function of distance for DCO, ACO and LACO-OFDM. Spectral efficiency of ∼2 bps/Hz using, e.g., 16QAM for DCO. N = 1024, NCP = 5, 11, and 20, for Rb = 20, 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively. Electrical transmit power of (a) 20 mW and (b) 50 mW.
Figure 10.
BER performance as a function of distance for DCO, ACO and LACO-OFDM. Spectral efficiency of ∼2 bps/Hz using, e.g., 16QAM for DCO. N = 1024, NCP = 5, 11, and 20, for Rb = 20, 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively. Electrical transmit power of (a) 20 mW and (b) 50 mW.
Figure 11.
Comparison of BER versus the link range Z and the transmit electrical power PTx,e of the three transmission schemes. N = 1024, NCP = 5, 11, and 20, for data rates of (a) 20, (b) 50, and (c) 100 Mbps, η ≈ 2 bps/Hz.
Figure 11.
Comparison of BER versus the link range Z and the transmit electrical power PTx,e of the three transmission schemes. N = 1024, NCP = 5, 11, and 20, for data rates of (a) 20, (b) 50, and (c) 100 Mbps, η ≈ 2 bps/Hz.
Figure 12.
BER performance as a function of distance using 100 LEDs with mW for each; . (a) bps/Hz (e.g., DCO-OFDM with 4-QAM) with , 20, and 28, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively; (b) bps/Hz (e.g., DCO-OFDM with 16-QAM) with , 11, and 20, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 12.
BER performance as a function of distance using 100 LEDs with mW for each; . (a) bps/Hz (e.g., DCO-OFDM with 4-QAM) with , 20, and 28, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively; (b) bps/Hz (e.g., DCO-OFDM with 16-QAM) with , 11, and 20, for , 50, and 100 Mbps, respectively.
Figure 13.
BER performance of DCO-OFDM using optimized and non-optimized DC bias. One LED at the Tx with mW; ; ; Mbps. The corresponding clipping factors are for the optimum bias (corresponding to ), and , , , and for , 7, 10, and 13 dB (corresponding to , , , and V), respectively.
Figure 13.
BER performance of DCO-OFDM using optimized and non-optimized DC bias. One LED at the Tx with mW; ; ; Mbps. The corresponding clipping factors are for the optimum bias (corresponding to ), and , , , and for , 7, 10, and 13 dB (corresponding to , , , and V), respectively.
Table 1.
Parameters of the Tx, channel, and the Hamamatsu C13366 3050GA SiPM.
Table 1.
Parameters of the Tx, channel, and the Hamamatsu C13366 3050GA SiPM.
Tx (LED) | Wavelength | 470 nm |
3 dB cut-off frequency | 10 MHz |
Lambertian order m | 45 |
I-V parameters (, ; , ) | ( V, V; 1 mA, 110 mA) |
Channel | Diffuse attenuation coefficient K | m−1 |
Rx (SiPM) | Photon Detection Efficiency, | |
Surface Area, | 9 mm2 |
Dark Current Rate, | 25 kHz |
Dead Time, | ns |
No. of SPADs, | 3600 |
Cross-Talk Prob., | |
After-Pulsing Prob., | % |
3 dB Cut-Off Frequency | 4 MHz |
Table 2.
LBI and maximum attainable range for OOK and 4-QAM DCO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 5;
mW, BER
.
Table 2.
LBI and maximum attainable range for OOK and 4-QAM DCO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 5;
mW, BER
.
| (Mbps) | LBI (m) | (m) |
---|
DCO | 1 | | |
5 | | 105 |
10 | | |
15 | | |
20 | | |
OOK | 1 | | |
5 | | |
10 | | |
15 | | |
20 | - | - |
Table 3.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 8;
mW, BER
,
bps/Hz.
Table 3.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 8;
mW, BER
,
bps/Hz.
| (Mbps) | LBI (m) | (m) |
---|
DCO | 20 | | |
50 | | |
100 | | |
ACO | 20 | | |
50 | | 73 |
100 | | |
LACO | 20 | | |
50 | | |
100 | | 53 |
Table 4.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 9; BER
,
bps/Hz.
Table 4.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 9; BER
,
bps/Hz.
| (Mbps) | LBI (m) | (m) |
---|
DCO | 20 | 81 | 95 |
50 | | |
100 | 48 | |
ACO | 20 | | |
50 | | 73 |
100 | | |
LACO | 20 | | |
50 | | |
100 | | |
Table 5.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, and LACO-OFDM according to
Figure 10; BER
,
bps/Hz.
Table 5.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, and LACO-OFDM according to
Figure 10; BER
,
bps/Hz.
| | mW | mW |
---|
| (Mbps) | LBI (m) | (m) | LBI (m) | (m) |
---|
DCO | 20 | | | | |
50 | | | | |
100 | | | 38 | |
ACO | 20 | | | | |
50 | | | − | − |
100 | | | − | − |
LACO | 20 | | | | |
50 | 42 | | | |
100 | | 34 | | |
Table 6.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 12; BER
.
Table 6.
LBI and maximum attainable range for DCO, ACO, an LACO-OFDM transmission schemes according to
Figure 12; BER
.
| | bps/Hz | bps/Hz |
---|
| (Mbps) | LBI (m) | (m) | LBI (m) | (m) |
---|
DCO | 20 | | | | |
50 | | | | |
100 | | | | |
ACO | 20 | | | | |
50 | | | | |
100 | | | − | − |
LACO | 20 | | | | |
50 | | | | |
100 | | | 23 | |